Power transmission system and operation method therefor

ABSTRACT

Between a speed reducing mechanism ( 15, 17, 19 ) for speed-reducing drive power of an electric motor and a differential apparatus ( 7 ) for distributing speed-reduced drive power to axle ends is disposed a clutch ( 5 ) configured for interruptive transmission of drive power.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a power transmission system, such asfor an electric automobile using an electric motor as a drive powersource or an electric automobile using a fuel engine (an ordinary enginemaking use of an explosion of fuel) and an electric motor both as adrive power source, and to an operation method for the same.

2. Description of the Related Art

There is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open PublicationNo. 9-226394 a drive system 2001 for electric automobiles shown in FIG.22.

The drive system 2001 for electric automobiles includes an electricmotor 2003, a reduction gear set 2005, and a differential apparatus2007.

The electric motor 2003 is driven by a vehicle-mounted battery toproduce drive power, which is decreased in speed by the reduction gearset 2005 within a range of the number of revolutions of a travellingwheel and increased in torque, and resultant drive power is distributedvia the differential apparatus 2007 to wheels.

In the drive system 2001, as shown in FIG. 22, the electric motor 2003and the reduction gear set 2005 as well as this reduction gear set 2005and the differential apparatus 2007 are connected directly with noclutch disposed on the way.

On the other hand, FIG. 23 shows an example of a power transmissionsystem for a four-wheel driven vehicle having an ordinary engine as adrive power source.

This power transmission system includes a transversely arranged engine2101, a transmission 2103, a belt-driving transfer 2105, a frontdifferential 2107 (as a differential apparatus for distributing drivepower from the engine 2101 to left and right front wheels), front axles2109 and 2111, left and right front wheels 2113 and 2115, a rear-wheelend propeller shaft 2117, a coupling 2118, a rear differential 2119,rear axles 2121 and 2123, left and right rear wheels 2125 and 2127.

The drive power from the engine 2101 is transmitted from an output gear2129 of the transmission 2103 via a ring gear 2131 to a differentialcase 2133, to be distributed from the front differential 2107 via thefront axles 2109 and 2111 to the left and right front wheels 2113 and2115, or to be transmitted via the differential case 2133 m the transfer2105, and the propeller shaft 2117 to the rear wheel end.

In this arrangement, the coupling 2118 disposed in a power transmissionsubsystem at the rear wheel end is employed for control of torquetransmission to the rear wheels 2125 and 2127.

For example, when the coupling 2118 is connected, drive power from theengine 2101 is distributed from the rear differential 2119 via the rearaxles 2121 and 2123 to the left and right rear wheels 2125 and 2127,rendering the vehicle four-wheel driven.

When the coupling 2118 is disconnected, the rear differential 2119 andsubsequent elements of the rear wheel end subsystem are cut off,rendering the vehicle two-wheel driven.

In the conventional electric automobiles, an electric motor is connecteddirectly to wheels, and even in a case of interruption of power supplyto the electric motor, such as when travelling by inertia, the electricmotor is forced to rotate together with wheel rotation, with burdens onthe electric motor.

For example, if the electric motor is a brush type like a DC motor,brushes receive a great influence on the durability, resulting inincreased maintenance costs, such as by increase in number of servicesfor brush replacement.

Further, when caused to rotate by wheels, the electric motor serves as agenerator, producing electromotive forces (emf). As the rotation isincreased in speed by the reduction gear set, there is produced agreater emf, resulting in burdens, such as on a battery or alternator(not shown) or on circuit elements such as a regulator constituted as anintegrated circuit, causing a reduced durability.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is made with such points in view. It therefore isan object of the present invention to provide a power transmissionsystem with a compact size, light weight, and well adaptation forvehicle-mounting, preventing an electric motor from being caused torotate by rotation of wheels, and an operation method for the same.

To achieve the object, according to a 1^(st) aspect of the invention,there is provided a power transmission system comprising a speedreducing mechanism for speed-reducing drive power of an electric motor,a differential apparatus for distributing speed-reduced drive power toaxle ends, and a clutch configured for interruptive transmission ofdrive power between the speed-reducing mechanism and the differentialapparatus.

Accordingly, in case power supply to the electric motor is interrupted,such as when travelling by inertia, connection of the clutch iscanceled, thereby disconnecting the electric motor from wheels.

Thus, the electric motor is set free from being rotated by rotation ofthe wheels, and kept from generating emf that otherwise might haveimposed loads on a battery, alternator, or controller's circuitelements, allowing these to have maintained performances, with a greatlyimproved durability.

Because mechanical rotation is prevented, burdens on and temperaturerise of magnetic field or rotor side windings of the electric motor arereduced, as well as burdens on bearings, with a greatly improveddurability.

In case of a brush type electric motor, such as a DC motor, the brusheshave greatly improved durability, with a commensurate reduction infrequency of their replacement, with reduction of maintenance cost.

According to a 2^(nd) aspect second aspect of the invention, a powertransmission system according to the 1^(st) aspect further comprises amain drive power source, and the electric motor used as an auxiliarydrive power source relative to the main drive power source.

Accordingly, in a four-wheel driven vehicle using both a main drivepower source (engine) and an electric motor, when the electric motor isrotated with the clutch in connection, the vehicle enters a four-wheeldriven state with improvements such as in abilities of start,acceleration, and riding performances such as on differences in level orcavities in road.

In a two-wheel driven travel at the engine side, or upon occurrence of arollback by front wheels idling such as on an inclined road low ofsurface frictional resistance in a four-wheel driven travel, the clutchis disconnected to interrupt connection between the electric motor andwheels, whereby the electric motor is kept from being rotated byrotation of wheels, allowing for like effects to the 1^(st) aspect to beachieved.

According to a 3^(rd) aspect of the invention, in a power transmissionsystem according to the 1^(st) or 2^(nd) aspect, the speed-reducingmechanism comprises a plurality of reduction gear sets including a firstreduction gear set for inputting thereto drive power from the electricmotor, the first reduction gear set comprising a planetary gear, wherebylike effects to the 1^(st) or 2^(nd) aspect are achieved.

In addition, by use of the planetary gear in the first reduction gearset, the speed-reducing mechanism which is constituted with a pluralityof stages can be made small in size.

In particular, in the case the electric motor is used as an auxiliarydrive power source relative to the main drive power source, the inputfrom the electric motor to the speed-reducing mechanism is has a smallervalue than a case the electric motor is used as a main drive powersource, and the arrangement in which the first reduction gear set isconstituted with the planetary gear allows an efficient reduction insize of the speed-reducing mechanism.

According to a 4^(th) aspect of the invention, in a power transmissionsystem according to the 3^(rd) aspect, the speed-reducing mechanism isprovided with an oil pump for supplying lubricant to the planetary gear,whereby like effects to the 3^(rd) aspect can be achieved, in additionto effective lubrication of the planetary gear, possible reduction ofmeshing resistance of the planetary gear, and preventive gnaw of gears.

According to a 5^(th) aspect of the invention, in a power transmissionsystem according to the 4^(th) aspect, the oil pump is provided on a lidside of a case, whereby like effects to the 4^(th) aspect can beachieved.

In addition, oil pump can be machined and mounted with ease, and a lidpart of the case can be used as part of the oil pump to constitute antight-closed part, with a simplified structure.

According to a 6^(th) aspect of the invention, in a power transmissionsystem according to any of the 1^(st) to 5^(th) aspects, thespeed-reducing mechanism comprises a plurality of reduction gear sets,and the clutch is disposed in a power transmission path of thespeed-reducing mechanism, whereby like effects to the 1^(st) to 5^(th)aspects can be achieved.

In addition, this arrangement in which the clutch is disposed in a powertransmission path of the speed-reducing mechanism allows, for example, aselected clutch to be disposed in a place optimal of speed reductionratio in accordance with the type and capacity, or an optimal clutch tobe selected in accordance with sliding speed or transmitting torque ofreduction gears, and the like.

Like this, flexibility of design can be increased with respect to theplace for disposition of the clutch, as well as to the clutch selection.

According to a 7^(th) aspect of the invention, in a power transmissionsystem according to the 6^(th) aspect, the speed-reducing mechanism andthe differential apparatus are neighbored to each other, and the clutchis coaxially provided to one of the plurality of reduction gear sets ofthe speed-reducing mechanism that is nearest to the differentialapparatus, whereby like effects to the 6^(th) aspect can be achieved.

In addition, because the clutch is coaxial to one of reduction gear setsof the speed-reducing mechanism that is nearest to the differentialapparatus, the clutch can be arranged within a projection area oflarge-size parts, such as a ring gear of the differential apparatus,allowing the system to be entirely compact in size.

According to an 8^(th) aspect of the invention, in a power transmissionsystem according to any of the 1^(st) to 7^(th) aspects, thespeed-reducing mechanism and the differential apparatus are integrallyarranged in a casing, whereby like effects to the 1^(st) to 7^(th)aspects can be achieved.

In addition, because the clutch is integrated with the speed-reducingmechanism and the differential apparatus, the power transmission systemcan be the more light-weighted, compact in size, and improved invehicle-mountability.

Further, since the speed-reducing mechanism is integrated with thedifferential apparatus, the amount of oil to be supplied to the clutchis increased, allowing sufficient lubrication and cooling, and greatlyimproved durability, permitting a normal use to be near 100-% capacity.

Along therewith, the clutch can be made smaller in size, allowing thepower transmission system to be the more light-weighted and compact insize.

According to a 9^(th) aspect of the invention, in a power transmissionsystem according to the 8^(th) aspect, a final reduction gear set and aprevious reduction gear set relative thereto are axially neighbored toeach other, whereby like effects to the 8^(th) aspect can be achieved.

In addition, reduction gear can have a shorter support span, allowingadequate meshing of the gear, reduced vibration, and enhanceddurability.

According to a 10^(th) aspect of the invention, in a power transmissionsystem according to the 9^(th) aspect, the previous reduction gear setis disposed on an axially one side of the final reduction gear set, andthe differential apparatus is disposed on an axially opposite side ofthe final reduction gear set, whereby like effects to the 9^(th) aspectcan be achieved.

In addition, the casing which has the final reduction gear and thedifferential apparatus incorporated therein can have a controlled weightbalance in a vehicle-transverse direction.

According to an 11^(th) aspect of the invention, in a power transmissionsystem according to the 10^(th) aspect, the clutch is coaxiallyneighbored, at an axially outer side, to the differential apparatus,whereby like effects to the 10^(th) aspect can be achieved.

In addition, the casing can have a controlled weight balance in avehicle-longitudinal direction also. Further, for the clutch to be sethardly receives restriction due to interference with peripheral members,flexibility of design is enhanced, such as in clutch capacity, clutchconfiguration, and condition for installation of an actuator.

According to a 12^(th) aspect of the invention, in a power transmissionsystem according to the 7^(th) or 8^(th) aspect, the plurality ofreduction gear sets of the speed-reducing mechanism is provided near adifferential center of the differential apparatus, whereby like effectsto the 7^(th) or 8^(th) aspect can be achieved.

In addition, because the reduction gear sets are arranged near thedifferential center of the differential apparatus, an entirety of powertransmission system including the differential apparatus and thespeed-reducing mechanism can be well-balanced.

In particular, in case the differential apparatus and the speed-reducingmechanism are separately fabricated and disposed to be adjacent witheach other, a joint part between the differential apparatus and thespeed-reducing mechanism is free from undue extra forces, as anadvantage in strength, as well.

According to a 13^(th) aspect of the invention, in a power transmissionsystem according to any of the 1^(st) to 8^(th) and 12^(th) aspects, theclutch comprises a frictional clutch, whereby like effects to the 1^(st)to 8^(th) and 12^(th) aspects can be achieved.

In addition, this arrangement of power transmission system is allowed toarbitrarily control transmission torque by regulating pressing forces ofthe frictional clutch.

Further, the use of a frictional clutch eliminates generation of ratchetsounds such as in meshing clutch for example, and high of calmness.

The use of a frictional clutch eliminates shocks and shock sounds inclutch connection and cancellation thereof.

The frictional clutch does not need synchronization of rotation inclutch connection and cancellation thereof, and can be fabricated at thelower cost.

According to a 14^(th) aspect of the invention, in a power transmissionsystem according to the 13^(th) aspect, the frictional clutch comprisesa multi-plate clutch, whereby like effects to the 13^(th) aspect can beachieved.

In addition, this arrangement of power transmission system using amulti-plate clutch is allowed to handle large drive power, because themulti-plate clutch can use wide frictional surface areas to obtain asufficient capacity even if compact in size.

Moreover, by making the multi-plate clutch compact, the powertransmission system can be the more light-weighted, compact in size, andimproved in vehicle-mountability.

Further, because the clutch plates can be easily changed in number anddiameter to thereby adjust the capacity, there is great flexibility indesign.

According to a 15^(th) aspect of the invention, in a power transmissionsystem according to the 13^(th) aspect, the frictional clutch comprisesa cone clutch, whereby like effects to the 13^(th) aspect can beachieved.

In addition, because the cone clutch is simple in structure and small ofcomponents, the power transmission system can be the morelight-weighted, compact in size, improved in vehicle-mountability, andreduced in cost.

According to a 16^(th) aspect of the invention, in a power transmissionsystem according to any of the 1^(st) to 8^(th) and 12^(th) aspects, theclutch comprises a meshing clutch, whereby like effects to the 1^(st) to8^(th) and 12^(th) aspects can be achieved.

In addition, because the meshing clutch is free from dragging torque duesuch as to viscosity of oil, unlike the frictional clutches, the loss ofdrive power is little, allowing for the electric motor to be improved indurability.

Because of unnecessary countermeasures such as lowering oil viscosity,raising temperature, and reducing amount of oil for the dragging torqueto be reduced, implementation can be the more reduced in cost.

Moreover, when the clutch is disconnected, the electric motor is notmechanically rotated by dragging torque, protection performances such asof a battery, alternator, and circuit elements can be improved, as wellas durability of the electric motor.

Further, this arrangement of power transmission system employs a meshingclutch which can provide a compact size with a great capacity, allowingfor great drive power to be handled.

Still more, because the meshing clutch is simple in structure and smallof component number, the power transmission system can be the morelight-weighted, compact in size, and improved in vehicle-mountability,with a low cost.

According to a 17^(th) aspect of the invention, in a power transmissionsystem according to the 16^(th) aspect, the meshing clutch comprises adog clutch, whereby like effects to the 16^(th) aspect can be achieved.

In addition, because the dog clutch does not need connection memberssuch as coupling sleeve to be moved between meshing teeth for engagementor disengagement, the structure is by far simple and low of cost.Moreover, as a narrow installation space can do, this arrangement ofpower transmission system is allowed to have a clutch portion the moresimplified in structure, reduced in cost, and compact in size.

According to an 18^(th) aspect of the invention, in a power transmissionsystem according to any of the 1^(st) to 8^(th) and 12^(th) aspects, theclutch comprises a one-way clutch, whereby like effects to the 1st to8^(th) and 12^(th) aspects can be achieved.

In addition, when connection is canceled, the one-way clutch is freefrom rotational resistance such as by dragging torque in frictionalclutch, and in this arrangement of power transmission system using aone-way clutch, the electric motor in a stopped state is prevented frombeing rotated, with the more improved durability.

Because the one-way clutch does not need an operation mechanism norcontrol mechanism therefor, the above arrangement of power transmissionsystem is the more simplified, light-weighted, and compact in size.

By use of a small-sized lightweight one-way clutch, the abovearrangement of power transmission system can be more light-weighted andcompact.

Further, in application such as to a four-wheel driven electricautomobile using an electric motor as an auxiliary drive power source,the one-way clutch may be arranged to be connected when the vehicle runsforward, so that upon rotation of the electric motor associated wheelsare driven via the one-way clutch, allowing for the vehicle to haveimproved abilities such as when starting or in acceleration, or to runover differences in level, cavities in road, etc.

Still more, when rotation of the electric motor is stopped, the vehicleenters a two-wheel driven state. In this state, connection of theone-way clutch is canceled by preceding rotation of associated wheels,of which rotating actions otherwise might have forced the electric motorto rotate, but now are isolated from the electric motor.

Like this, the electric motor is prevented against such forced rotation,to be free from burdens that otherwise might have been imposed toproduce emf, such as on a battery, alternator, circuit elements, etc.,and is allowed to have an enhanced durability.

According to a 19^(th) aspect of the invention, in a power transmissionsystem according to any of the 1^(st) to 8^(th) and 12^(th) aspects, theclutch comprises a two-way clutch in which canceling directions ofrelative rotations are switchable, whereby like effects to the 1^(st) to8^(th) and 12^(th) aspects can be achieved.

In addition, in this arrangement of power transmission system using atwo-way clutch, the electric motor can be prevented from being forced torotate by wheels, in both forward run and backward run.

Therefore, it can cope with a rollback of the vehicle, allowing forenhanced protection to be effected, such as of the electric motor, abattery, an alternator, associated circuit elements, etc.

Unlike the case of using a one-way clutch that needs another clutch forbackward run and an extra controller for necessary connection in thebackward run and disconnection for forward run, the above arrangement ofpower transmission system using a two-way clutch, coping also withbackward run as described, does not need the clutch for backward run northe extra controller, and is allowed to be the more simplified instructure, light-weighted, compact, and improved invehicle-mountability, with a low cost.

Further, this arrangement of power transmission system has like effectsto the 18^(th) aspect using a one-way clutch.

According to a 20^(th) aspect of the invention, in a power transmissionsystem according to any of the 1^(st) to 8^(th) and 12^(th) aspects, theclutch comprises a centrifugal clutch, whereby like effects to the1^(st) to 8^(th) and 12^(th) aspects can be achieved.

In a four-wheel driven electric automobile employing both a main drivepower source (engine) and an electric motor, the centrifugal clutch isdisposed on a driving end, and the electric motor is controlled so as tostart when the centrifugal clutch is connected.

When the vehicle is stopped (to start) or when the vehicle speed isdecreased so that wheel revolution speed becomes lower than a criticalvalue, the centrifugal clutch is connected, and the electric motor isstarted, driving wheels via the centrifugal clutch, rendering thevehicle four-wheel driven.

If the vehicle speed is increased so that the wheel revolution speedreaches critical value, the centrifugal clutch is operated for clutchcancellation, when rotation of the electric motor is stopped to renderthe vehicle two-wheel driven from the engine.

Like this, because forced rotation by the vehicle is isolated from theelectric motor by use of the centrifugal clutch, the electric motor isprevented against such forced rotation, to be free from burdens thatotherwise might have been imposed to produce emf, such as on a battery,alternator, circuit elements, etc., and is allowed to have an enhanceddurability.

In addition, when the connection is cancelled, as the centrifugal clutchis free from rotational resistance unlike the frictional clutchsubjected to dragging torque, the above arrangement of powertransmission system using a centrifugal clutch have the more improvedeffects, such as on fuel consumption (when two-wheel driven) withrotation of the electric motor stopped, or on durability of the motor.

In addition, in this arrangement of power transmission system using acentrifugal clutch, the electric motor can be kept from being forced torotate by wheels, in both forward run and backward run, permittingeffective protection such as of battery, alternator, and circuitelements.

Because the centrifugal clutch does not need an operation mechanism norcontrol mechanism therefor, the above arrangement of power transmissionsystem is the more simplified, light-weighted, and compact in size.

By use of a small-sized lightweight centrifugal clutch, the abovearrangement of power transmission system can be more light-weighted andcompact, allowing for great drive power to be handled.

Further, to achieve the object described, according a 21^(st) aspect ofthe invention, there is provided an operation method for a powertransmission system according to any of the 16^(th) to 20^(th) aspects,the method comprising the step of canceling connection of the clutch,switching a rotating direction of the electric motor, thereby causing acontact portion of the clutch to vibrate so that the contact portion hasa reduced frictional resistance.

Like this, when canceling connection of the clutch, the direction ofrotation of the electric motor is switched to give vibration to acontact portion of the clutch so that the contact portion has a reducedfrictional resistance, thereby allowing connection and cancellation,such as of a meshing clutch, one-way clutch, two-way clutch, orcentrifugal clutch, to be properly effected, when intended, or at apredetermined vehicle speed.

Like this, there can be maintained protection functions to be high, suchas of an electric motor, battery, alternator, and circuit elements in apower transmission system according to any of the 16^(th) to 20^(th)aspects.

Further, a four-wheel driven state of the vehicle can be changed to atwo-wheel driven state, as necessary, with enhanced maneuverability.

According to a 22^(nd) aspect of the invention, there is provided anoperation method for a power transmission system according to any of the16^(th) to 20^(th) aspects, the method comprising the step of cancelingconnection of the clutch, changing a revolution number of the electricmotor so that a contact portion thereof has a reduced frictionalresistance, whereby like effects to the 21^(st) aspect can be achieved.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS

The above and further objects and novel features of the presentinvention will more fully appear from the following detailed descriptionwhen the same is read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, inwhich:

FIG. 1 is a sectional view of an essential portion of a power trainsystem including a power transmission system according to a firstembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a skeleton diagram of the power train system;

FIG. 3 is a sectional view of an essential portion of a power trainsystem including a power transmission system according to a secondembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 is a sectional view of an essential portion of a power trainsystem including a power transmission system according a thirdembodiment of the invention; invention;

FIG. 5 is a section along line V—V of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a sectional view of an essential portion of a power trainsystem including a power transmission system according to a fourthembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7 is a section along line VII—VII of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a section along line VIII—VIII of FIG. 6;

FIG. 9 is a sectional view of an essential portion of a power trainsystem including a power transmission system according to a fifthembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 10 is a section along line X—X of FIG. 9;

FIG. 11 also is a section along line X—X of FIG. 9;

FIG. 12 is a sectional view of an essential portion of a power trainsystem including a power transmission system according to a sixthembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 13 is a sectional view of an essential portion of a power trainsystem including a power transmission system according to a seventhembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 14 is a sectional view of an essential portion of a power trainsystem including a power transmission system according to an eighthembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 15 is a sectional view of an essential portion of a power trainsystem including a power transmission system according to a ninthembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 16 is a sectional view of an essential portion of a power trainsystem including a power transmission system according to a tenthembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 17 is a sectional view of an essential portion of a power trainsystem including a power transmission system according to an eleventhembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 18 is a sectional view of an essential portion of a power trainsystem including a power transmission system according to a twelfthembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 19 is a section along line XIX—XIX of FIG. 18;

FIG. 20 is a sectional view of an essential portion of a power trainsystem including a power transmission system according to a thirteenthembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 21 is a sectional view of an essential portion of a power trainsystem including a power transmission system according to a fourteenthembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 22 is a sectional view of an essential portion of a conventionalpower train system including a power transmission system; and

FIG. 23 is a skeleton diagram of the conventional power train system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

There will be detailed below 14 preferred embodiments of the presentinvention with reference to the accompanying drawings. Like members aredesignated by like reference characters.

In the embodiments, the term “differential center” means a middleposition of a differential apparatus between left and right meshingparts at which left and right output gears (side gears) engage with leftand right output shafts, respectively. For example, in the case of adifferential apparatus using a bevel gear, the differential center islocated on a shaft axis center of pinion shafts, that is a center pointof pinion shafts in a rotation shaft direction of the differentialapparatus.

It is noted that in the drawings, sectional views represent sectionsalong planes intersecting at an angle. It may be necessary for a casingto be compact in size to position a later-described second shaft at aneven or higher level to or than a differential shaft, while alater-described first shaft and electric motor may well be locatedlower. The casing has lubricant oil filled to a sufficient level for thesecond shaft to be well lubricated.

First Embodiment

FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show a transmission system 1 of drive power of anelectric motor according to the first embodiment of the invention.

The power transmission system 1 has features of the 1^(st), 2^(nd),6^(th), 7^(th), 8^(th), 12^(th), 13^(th), and 14^(th) aspects of theinvention. Note the terms “transverse”, “left” and “right” mean those ofa vehicle equipped with the power transmission system 1, and those inFIG. 1.

The power transmission system 1 is configured to be arranged on a rearwheel side of a four wheel driven vehicle using an engine and anelectric motor, such as an electric automobile shown in FIG. 2, forexample.

This vehicle is equipped with a power train system which has: afront-wheel side power train including a transversely arranged engine2101, a transmission 2103, a front differential 2107 (as a differentialapparatus for distributing drive power of the engine 2101 to left andright front wheels), left and right front axles 2109 and 2111, and leftand right front wheels 2113 and 2115; and a rear-wheel side power trainincluding a sensor 2135 for detecting necessary data, a controller 2133responsible for data input from the sensor 2135 to provide necessarycontrol commands, an electric motor 2129 controlled with a controlcommand of the controller 2133 to provide drive torque, a battery 2131as a secondary cell for supplying electric power to the motor 2129, aspeed-reducing mechanism 3 connected to the motor 2129, a reardifferential 7 connected via left and right rear axles 2121 and 2123 toleft and right rear wheels 2125 and 2127, and an on-off clutch 5responsible for another command of the controller 2133 to be engaged anddisengaged for interconnection between the speed-reducing mechanism 3and the rear differential 7.

The sensor 2135 may detect data on an rpm of the engine 2101, atravelling speed of the vehicle, and an rpm of some wheel to therebycalculate a slip of the wheel, and the controller 2133 may beresponsible for any of an excessive slip and manual commands from adriver to select an adequate control command.

For normal run, the front wheels 2113 and 2115 are always driven fromthe engine 2101, and when necessary, the rear wheels 2125 and 2127 areauxiliary driven from the electric motor 2129.

Structure of the power transmission system 1 will then be detailed withreference to FIG. 1.

The power transmission system 1 is constituted with the speed-reducingmechanism 3, the on-off clutch 5 (as a clutch) to be electromagneticallycontrolled, the rear differential 7 (as a differential apparatus), thecontroller 2133, etc.

The power transmission system 1 is accommodated in a casing 9, which isconstituted as a combination of a gear casing part 11 for accommodatingthe speed-reducing mechanism 3 and the on-off clutch 5, and adifferential carrier part 13 for accommodating the rear differential 7.

The casing 9 is provided with an oil sump.

The speed-reducing mechanism 3 is constituted with a first shaft 33, asecond shaft 35, and a third shaft (37+39), which are provided withthree stages of reduction gear sets 15, 17, and 19.

The third shaft is a combination of mutually coaxially arranged outerand inner shafts 37 and 39.

The reduction gear set 15 is a combination of reduction gears 21 and 23.The reduction gear set 17 is a combination of reduction gears 25 and 27.The reduction gear set 19 is a combination of reduction gears 29 and 31.

More specifically, one reduction gear 21 of the reduction gear set 15 isformed on an axially central part of the first shaft 33, and the otherreduction gear 23 of the gear set 15 is formed on a right part of thesecond shaft 35.

One reduction gear 25 of the reduction gear set 17 is formed on a leftpart of the second shaft 35, and the other reduction gear 27 of the gearset 17 is formed (as a drive power transmitting member) on the outershaft 37 of a hollowed configuration.

One reduction gear 29 of the reduction gear set 19 is formed (as a drivepower transmitting member) on a right part of the inner shaft 39. Theother reduction gear 31 of the gear set 19 is configured as a ring gearto be fixed by bolts 43 to a differential casing 41 of the reardifferential 7.

Like this, the reduction gear sets 15, 17, and 19 have a staggeredstructure, whereby they can be disposed near a plane centered to therear differential 7.

The first shaft 33 is supported at its left end and central part by thegear casing part 11 via left and right ball bearings 45 and 47respectively interposed therebetween, and is operatively connected atits right end to an output shaft of the rear-wheel driving electricmotor 2129. Between the first shaft 33 and the gear casing part 11 isdisposed an oil seal 49 for prevention of oil leakage to the outside.

The second shaft 35 is supported at its central part and right end bythe gear casing part 11 via left and right ball bearings 51 and 53respectively interposed therebetween.

In this embodiment, the left ball bearing 51 is not located on a leftend of the second shaft 35, but on the central part, thereby allowingfor the left end to be configured as an engagement part relative to theouter shaft 37.

The inner shaft 39 of the third shaft is supported at its left and rightends by the gear casing part 11 via left and right bearings 55 and 57respectively interposed therebetween. The outer shaft 37 is supported atits left end and central part by an outer periphery of the inner shaft39 via left and right bearings 59 and 61 respectively interposedtherebetween.

The differential case 41 is supported at its left and right ends by thedifferential carrier part 13 via left and right bearings 63 and 65respectively interposed therebetween.

Like above-mentioned, the reduction gear set 19 includes (as thereduction gar 31) the ring gear on the rear differential 7 side, andfurther the reduction gear sets 15, 17, and 19 are accommodated in thesame casing 9. The reduction gear sets 15, 17, and 19 are thusintegrated with the rear differential 7, to be a unit.

The on-off clutch 5 is disposed between the outer shaft 37 and the innershaft 39. When the clutch 5 is engaged for interconnection, drive powerof the electric motor 2129 is transmitted, via the reduction gear sets15, 17, ad 19, where its speed is reduced in a three-staged manner, tothe differential case 41 of the rear differential 7 to be therebyrotated.

The rear differential 7 has a bevel gear type differential mechanism,which is constituted with a plurality of pinion shafts fixed to thedifferential casing 41, a plurality of pinion gears individuallysupported by the pinion shafts, and a pair of torque outputting left andright side gears meshing with the pinion gears.

The left and right side gears are splined on the left and right rearaxles 67 and 69, which transversely extend through the differentialcarrier part 13, to be externally connected via left and right joints 71and 73 to the left and right rear wheels 2125 and 2127.

Between each rear axle 67 or 69 and the differential carrier part 13 isdisposed an oil seal 75 for prevention of oil leakage to the outside.

As the electric motor 2129 rotates, drive power therefrom is input tothe differential case 41, wherefrom it is distributed via the pinionshafts and the pinion gears to the left and right side gears, andfurther via the left and right rear axles 67 and 69 to the left andright rear wheels 2125 and 2127, rendering the vehicle four-wheeldriven, with enhanced abilities such as for bad-road escape and travel,start, acceleration, and vehicle body stabilization.

If a difference develop between rear wheel drive resistances such as ona bad road, the pinion gears individually revolve to effect adifferential distribution of drive power to the left and right rearwheels 2125 and 2127.

When rotation of the electric motor 2129 is stopped, the vehicle entersa two-wheel driven state with the front wheels 2113 and 2115 driven fromthe engine 2101, where the controller 2133 cancels engagement of theon-off clutch 5, thereby interrupting the interconnection between theelectric motor 2129 and the rear wheels 2125 and 2127.

The on-off clutch 5 is constituted with a rotary case 77, a main clutch79 as a multi-plate frictional clutch, a multi-plate pilot clutch 81, aball cam 83, a cam ring 85, a pressure plate 87, an armature 89, anelectric magnet 91, and a trochoid gear pump 93, and controlled from thecontroller 2133.

The rotary case 77 is welded to the outer shaft 37 of the reduction gearset 19, and the main clutch 79 is arranged between the rotary case 77and the inner shaft 39 of the reduction gear set 19.

The pilot clutch 81 is arranged between the rotary case 77 and the camring 85.

The ball cam 83 is formed between the cam ring 85 and the pressure plate87. The rotary case 77 has a left wall part as a rotor 95 of a magneticmaterial constituting part of a magnetic flux circuit of the magnet 91.The rotor 95 is supported by needle bearings 97 arranged on the innershaft 39.

Between the cam ring 85 and the rotor 95 is disposed a thrust bearing 99receiving a cam reaction force of the ball cam 83, as well as a washer.

The pressure plate 87 is relatively movably connected to the inner shaft39.

The armature 89 is axially movably disposed between the pilot clutch 81and the pressure plate 87, and is axially positioned by a stop ring.

The magnet 91 has a core 101 connected to the gear casing part 11 by aconnection member 103 and a bolt 105, and lead wires 109 drawn out froma coil 107 via the core 101 and the gear casing part 11, to beexternally connected to the battery 2131 of the vehicle.

Between the core 101 and the rotor 95 is provided an air gap. The rotor95 is radially divided with stainless steel rings to thereby constitutepart of the magnetic flux circuit of the magnet 91.

The controller 2133 is adapted for excitation of the magnet 91, controlof exciting current, cease of excitation, etc.

The controller 2133 is further adapted to control the rear-wheel drivingelectric motor 2129 to start and stop rotation. When rotation of theelectric motor 2129 is stopped, excitation of the magnet 91 also isstopped.

When the magnet 91 is excited, the armature 89 is attracted, pressingthe pilot clutch 81 to engage.

As the pilot clutch 81 is engaged, torque to be transmitted between thereduction gear sets 17 and 19 is imposed on the ball cam 83, via the camring 85 connected by the pilot clutch 81 to the rotary case 77 and thepressure plate 87 connected to the inner shaft 39. There is generated acam thrust force, which is received by the pressure plate 87, which isthus forced to move rightward, pressing the main clutch 79 to engage.

When the on-off clutch 5 is thus connected, drive power of the electricmotor 2129 is transmitted through the reduction gear sets 15, 17, and19, to the rear differential 7, rendering the vehicle four-wheel driven.

As the exciting current of the magnet 91 is controlled, the pilot clutch81 has a commensurate slip, changing the cam thrust force of the ballcam 83, causing the main clutch 79 to have a varied connection force,thereby controlling drive power to be transmitted from the electricmotor 2129 to the rear wheel ends.

Such control of drive power can be effected while the vehicle isturning, with enhanced turnability and increased stability of thevehicle body.

When the excitation of the magnet 91 is stopped, the pilot clutch 81 isreleased, causing the ball cam 83 to lose cam thrust force, and the mainclutch 79 is released, canceling connection of the on-off clutch 5,thereby rendering the vehicle two-wheel driven.

The controller 2133 is adapted, when the vehicle starts, to rotate theelectric motor 2129 and concurrently make the on-off clutch 5 connected,causing the vehicle to enter a four-wheel driven state, where it hasincreased drive power due to cooperation of the engine 2101 and theelectric motor 2129, with enhanced starting and accelerating abilities.

When a specified vehicle speed (for example, 20 km/h) is reached, thecontroller 2133 stops rotation of the electric motor 2129, concurrentlycanceling connection of the on-off clutch 5, causing the vehicle toenter a two-wheel driven state.

Further, the controller 2133 is adapted, also when going up a slope, torender the vehicle four-wheel driven to have increased drive power.

While going up the slope, if the vehicle suffers a roll back conditionin which the front wheels 2113 and 2115 idle so that the vehicleretreats, the controller 2133 stops rotation of the electric motor 2129and cancels connection of the on-off clutch 5.

Like this, when connection of the on-off clutch 5 is canceled, theelectric motor 2129 is cut off from the rear wheels 2125 and 2127, to befree from forced rotation due to rotation of the rear wheels (in aforward direction when going ahead, or in a reverse direction whenrolling back).

When increased drive torque is desirable, while travelling, irrespectiveof the specified vehicle speed after the start of vehicle, thecontroller 2133 may be controlled to rotate the electric motor 2129 andconnect the on-off clutch 5, to have an increased ability to run over adifference in level or cavity or depression in a road, with stillenhanced accelerating ability.

The trochoid gear pump 93 is driven for rotation by the inner shaft 39via a hollow connection shaft 111, to pump up oil from the oil sump ofthe casing 9, and to supply pumped oil through axial and radial oilpaths formed in the connection shaft 111 and the inner shaft 39 to themain clutch 79, pilot clutch 81, ball cam 83, thrust bearing 99, and thelike, making sufficient lubrication and cooling thereto.

The coil 107 of the magnet 91 also is cooled by oil, having a stabilizedperformance, while the heat warms oil in the oil sump, as well as thepilot clutch 81 and the ball cam 83 therearound, and warmed oil is sentfrom the gear box 93 to the main clutch 79 and the like, warming them.

The power transmission system 1 of the electric motor 2129 is thusconstructed.

In the power transmission system 1, when the vehicle is two-wheel drivenor suffering a rollback, the electric motor 2129 is disconnected fromthe rear wheels by the on-off clutch 5, preventing generation of emfthat otherwise might have imposed great loads such as on the battery,alternator, associated circuit elements, etc.

These elements thus have their functions maintained to be adequate, withimproved durability.

The electric motor 2129 is not forced to rotate by rotation of the rearwheels, whereby the burden on, as well as the temperature rise of,magnetic field or rotator side windings and burdens on the bearings arereduced, with improved durability of the electric motor 2129.

As brushes of the electric motor 2129 have a greatly increaseddurability, their replacement can do with a commensurate decrease infrequency, resulting in a great decrease of maintenance cost.

The on-off clutch 5 is disposed between the reduction gear sets 17 and19, whereby the on-off clutch 5 is integrated with the speed-reducingmechanism, resulting in a commensurate light-weighting, compact size,and vehicle-mountability of the power transmission system 1.

Components of the on-off clutch 5, such as the main clutch 79, pilotclutch 81, and ball cam 83 are sufficiently lubricated and cooled byforced lubrication by the gear pump 93, to have a greatly improveddurability, allowing for a use near 100-% capacity.

The on-off clutch 5 is thus allowed to be smaller in size, permittingthe power transmission system 1 to be the more light-weighted andcompact.

The arrangement with the on-off clutch 5 provided in the speed-reducingmechanism allows, for example, a selected on-off clutch 5 to be disposedin an optimal place selective from among the reduction gear sets 15, 17,and 19 in accordance with the type and capacity, or an optimal on-offclutch to be selected in accordance with given conditions such as asliding speed and transmitting torque of the reduction gear set 15, 17,or 19.

Like this, for the on-off clutch 5, flexibility of design is greatlyincreased with respect to the clutch location and selection.

The reduction gear sets 15, 17, and 19 and the rear differential 7 areinstalled as a unit in the casing 9, thereby allowing the powertransmission system 1 to be the more light-weighted, compact in size,and improved in vehicle-mountability.

By this unitizing, a volume of oil sealed in the casing 9 can be whollysupplied to the on-off clutch 5, with increase in amount of circulatingoil, allowing for the on-off clutch 5 to have greatly enhancedlubrication and cooling effects.

Because the reduction gear sets 15, 17, and 19 are arranged near thedifferential center of the differential apparatus 7, an entirety ofpower transmission system including the differential apparatus 7 and thespeed-reducing mechanism 3 can be well-balanced.

In particular, a connection portion (or joint parts when separatelyformed and disposed adjacent to each other) between the differentialapparatus 7 and the speed-reducing mechanism 3 is free from undue extraforces, as an advantage in strength, as well.

In addition, the power transmission system 1 using a multi-plate mainclutch 79 (as a frictional clutch) is allowed to arbitrarily controldrive torque of the electric motor 2129 to be transmitted to the rearwheel end, by regulating pressing forces of the main clutch 79 to adjustconnection forces of the on-off clutch 5.

Further, the use of the on-off clutch 5 as a frictional clutcheliminates generation of ratchet sounds such as in meshing clutch forexample, and high of calmness.

The use of a frictional on-off clutch 5 eliminates shocks and shocksounds in clutch connection and cancellation thereof.

The frictional on-off clutch 5 does not need synchronization of rotationin clutch connection and cancellation thereof, and no synchronizingmechanism is necessary, so that the power transmission system 1 can bethe more light-weighted, compact, and reduced in fabrication cost.

Further, because the main clutch 79, oil and the like are warmed by heatof the magnet 91 (coil 107), when connection of the on-off clutch 5 iscancelled, dragging torque to be produced at the rear wheel end byviscosity of oil, in particular when the oil temperature is low, can bereduced, allowing for the engine to have a commensurate reduction inloss of drive power, resulting in improved fuel consumption.

Because of unnecessary countermeasures such as lowering oil viscosity,raising temperature, and reducing amount of oil for the dragging torqueto be reduced, implementation can be the more reduced in cost.

Moreover, the electric motor 2129 is not mechanically rotated bydragging torque, protection performances such as of a battery,alternator, and circuit elements can be improved, as well as durabilityof the electric motor 2129.

The on-off clutch 5 is allowed to have an increased frictional surfacearea by use of the multi-plate main clutch 79, in addition to thatpressing forces of the main clutch 79 can be magnified by the ball cam83. The clutch 5 can thus provide a sufficient capacity even whensmall-sized.

Therefore, the power transmission system 1 is allowed to handle greatdrive power, while the on-off clutch 5 to be compact in size can be morelight-weighted and compact, with improved vehicle-mountability.

Still more, because the on-off clutch 5 is variable in diamter andnumber of clutch plates of the main clutch 79, its capacity can bearibtrarily controlled, with an enhanced design flexibility.

In this embodiment in which the on-off clutch 5 is arranged to the thirdshaft that is nearest to the differential apparatus 7 among shafts ofthe speed-reducing mechanism 3, the on-off clutch 5 can be disposedwithin a projection region of a large component, such as the ring gear31 of the differential apparatus 7, permitting the system 1 to beentirely small-sized.

There will be described below various power transmission systemsaccording to other embodiments of the invention. It is noted that eachpower transmission system to be described is arranged on a rear wheelside of a four-wheel driven vehicle using both an engine as a main drivepower source and an electric motor 2129 as an auxiliary drive powersource, like the power transmission system 1 according to the firstembodiment, whereas front wheels of the vehicle are normally driven fromthe engine and rear wheels thereof are driven from the electric motor2129, when necessary.

Second Embodiment

With reference to FIG. 3, description is made of a transmission system201 of drive power of an electric motor 2129 according to the secondembodiment of the invention and a method of operation thereof.

The power transmission system 201 has features of the 1^(st), 2^(nd),8^(th), 9^(th), 10^(th), and 12^(th) aspects of the invention. Note theterms “left” and “right” mean those of a vehicle equipped with the powertransmission system 201, and those in FIG. 3.

Like reference numerals are given to members having like functions asthose of the power transmission system 1 according to the 1^(st)embodiment of the invention. Those members with like functions are notdescribed to avoid redundancy.

The power transmission system 201 is constituted with a speed-reducingmechanism 203, an on-off clutch 205 (as a clutch) to beelectromagnetically controlled, a rear differential 207 (as adifferential apparatus), a controller 2133, etc.

The power transmission system 201 is accommodated in a casing 9, whichis constituted as a combination of a gear casing part 11 foraccommodating the speed-reducing mechanism 203 and a differentialcarrier part 13 for accommodating the rear differential 207 in which theon-off clutch 205 is incorporated.

The speed-reducing mechanism 203 is constituted with reduction gearsequivalent to the reduction gear sets 15, 17, and 19 of the powertransmission system 1, and transmits drive torque of the electric motor2129 to the rear differential 207 in a speed-reducing manner.

A reduction gear 27 of the reduction gear set 17 is welded to a thirdaxis 213, which is supported by ball bearings 215 and 217 fixed to thegear casing part 11.

A reduction gear 29 of the reduction gear set 19 is formed on the thirdshaft 213.

The rear differential 207 is provided with a differential case 223, arotary case 225, and a differential mechanism 227 of a bevel gear type.

The differential case 41 is constituted with a cover 229, an inputmember 231, and an outer case 233 fastened by bolts 235 for fixation,and a reduction gear 31 of the reduction gear set 19 is formed on theinput member 231.

The rotary case 225 is arranged so as to rotate relative to an innerperiphery of the differential case 223.

The differential mechanism 227 is constituted with a plurality of pinionshafts 237, pinion gears 239 individually supported by the pinion shafts237, and output end side gears 241 and 243 meshing with the pinion gears239.

The side gears 241 and 243 are splined on left and right rear axles 67and 69, respectively.

The on-off clutch 205 is configured for interconnection anddisconnection between the differential case 223 and the rotary case 225,as will be described.

When the on-off clutch 205 is engaged for interconnection, if theelectric motor 2129 is rotated, the differential case 223 is driven torotate, and this drive power is transmitted via the rotary case 225 andthe on-off clutch 205 to the pinion shafts 237, and is distributedtherefrom via the pinion gears 239, the side gears 241 and 243, and therear axles 67 and 69 to left and right rear wheels, rendering thevehicle four-wheel driven, with enhanced abilities such as for bad-roadescape and travel, start, acceleration, and vehicle body stabilization.

If a difference develop between rear wheel drive resistances such as ona bad road, the pinion gears 239 individually revolve to effect adifferential distribution of the drive power from the electric motor2129 to the left and right rear wheels.

When rotation of the electric motor 2129 is stopped, the vehicle entersa two-wheel driven state with front wheels driven from the engine, wherethe controller 2133 cancels engagement of the on-off clutch 205, therebyinterrupting the interconnection between the electric motor 2129 and therear wheels.

The on-off clutch 205 is constituted with a cone clutch 245 (as africtional clutch), a multi-plate pilot clutch 81, a ball cam 83, a camring 85, a pressure plate 87, a clutch ring 247, an armature 89, anelectric magnet 91, a controller 2133, etc.

The cone clutch 245 is constituted with an input member 231 on thedifferential case 223 side, and cone parts 249, 249 formed between theclutch ring 247 and the rotary case 225 on the differential mechanism227 side. The input member 231, the clutch ring 247, and the rotary case225 are made of a sintered metallic material, with a sufficientresistance to abrasion.

The pilot clutch 81 is arranged between the cam ring 85 and a rotor 95on the outer case 233 (differential case 233) side.

The pressure plate 87 is movably connected to the right side gear 243 bya spline part 251 provided therebetween, and the clutch ring 247 ismovably connected to the outer case 233 by a spline part 253.

The pressure plate 87 may not be connected to the side gear 243, butmovably to the rotary case 225 side.

The controller 2133 is adapted, like the first embodiment, forexcitation of the magnet 91, control of exciting current, cease ofexcitation, etc., as well as for concurrent services to operate theelectric motor 2129 and the magnet 91 and stop the operations.

When the electric motor 2129 is rotated and the magnet 91 is excited,the armature 89 presses the pilot clutch 81 to engage, so thatdifferential torque of the differential mechanism 227 (drive power fromthe electric motor 2129) is applied to the ball cam, via the cam ring 85connected by the pilot clutch 81 to the differential case 223 and thepressure plate 87 on he side gear 243 side. There is generated a camthrust force, which is received by the pressure plate 87, which is thusforced to move leftward, pressing the cone parts 249 via the clutch ring247, causing the cone clutch 245 to be engaged.

When the cone clutch 245 is thus engaged, drive power of the electricmotor 2129 is transmitted through respective reduction gear sets to therear differential 207, rendering the vehicle four-wheel driven.

As the exciting current of the magnet 91 is controlled, the pilot clutch81 has a commensurate slip, changing the cam thrust force of the ballcam 83, causing the cone clutch 245 to have a varied connection force,thereby controlling drive power to be transmitted from the electricmotor 2129 to the rear wheel end.

Such control of drive power can be effected while the vehicle isturning, with enhanced turnability and increased stability of thevehicle body.

When the excitation of the magnet 91 is stopped, the pilot clutch 81 isreleased, causing the ball cam 83 to lose cam thrust force, andconnection of the cone clutch 245 is canceled, rendering the vehicletwo-wheel driven.

Like the first embodiment, the controller 2133 is adapted, when thevehicle starts, to rotate the electric motor 2129 and concurrentlyoperate the on-off clutch 205, so that the vehicle has increased drivepower, and respond to a critical vehicle speed by stopping rotation ofthe electric motor 2129, thereby canceling connection of the on-offclutch 205.

Further, when four-wheel driven to go up a slope, if the vehicle suffersa rollback with front wheels idling, the controller 2133 is stopsrotation of the electric motor 2129, canceling connection of the on-offclutch 205.

Like this, when connection of the on-off clutch 205 is canceled, theelectric motor 2129 is cut off from the rear wheels, to be free fromforced rotation due to rotation of the rear wheels.

When increased drive torque is desirable to have an increased ability torun over a difference in level or cavity in a road, with still enhancedaccelerating ability, the controller 2133 may be controlled to rotatethe electric motor 2129 and connect the on-off clutch 205, therebyrendering the vehicle four-wheel driven.

The differential case 223 is formed with openings 255 and 257, andspiral oil grooves 263 and 265 in inner peripheries of boss parts 259and 261.

As the differential case 223 rotates, oil flows between the differentialcase 223 and an oil sump of the casing 9 via the openings 255 and 257and oil grooves 263 and 265. Oil flowing into the differential case 223is sufficient for lubrication and cooling such as of meshing gear partsof the differential mechanism 227, cone clutch 245, pilot clutch 81,ball cam 83, and bearings 99.

Heat of the coil 107 of the magnet 91 is used to warm oil in the oilsump, as well as the pilot clutch 81 and the ball cam 83 therearound,and warmed oil warms the cone clutch 245.

The power transmission system 201 of the electric motor 2129 is thusconstructed.

In the power transmission system 201, such as when the vehicle istwo-wheel driven or suffering a rollback, the electric motor 2129 isdisconnected from the rear wheels by the on-off clutch 205, asnecessary, and is released not to be forced to rotate by rotation of therear wheels.

In this power transmission system 201, the on-off clutch 205 isintegrated with the rear differential 207 and a frictional clutch (thecone clutch 245) is employed for the on-off clutch 205, whereby thereare achieved like effects to the power transmission system 1 of thefirst embodiment in which the on-off clutch 5 is integrated with aspeed-reducing mechanism and a frictional clutch (the multi-plate mainclutch 79) is employed for the on-off clutch 5.

The power transmission system- 201 has like effects to the firstembodiment, except those derived from disposing the on-off clutch 5between gears of the speed-reducing mechanism, using a multi-plateclutch for the on-off clutch 5, and using the gear pump 93 forlubrication.

In addition, as the cone clutch 245 is simple in structure and small innumber of components, the power transmission system 201 can be the morelight-weighted, compact, and enhanced in vehicle-mountability, with lowcosts.

Third Embodiment

With reference to FIGS. 4 and 5, description is made of a transmissionsystem 301 of drive power of an electric motor 2129 according to thethird embodiment of the invention and a method of operation thereof.

The power transmission system 301 has features of the 1^(st), 2^(nd),8^(th), 9^(th), 13^(th), and 14^(th) aspects of the invention and theoperating method has features of the 18 ^(th) and 19^(th) aspects of theinvention. Note the terms “left” and “right” mean those of a vehicleequipped with the power transmission system 301, and those in FIGS. 4and 5. Like reference numerals are given to members having likefunctions as those of the power transmission systems 1 and 201 accordingto the 1^(st) and 2^(nd) embodiments of the invention. Those memberswith like functions are not described to avoid redundancy.

The power transmission system 301 is constituted with a speed-reducingmechanism 303, a rear differential 305 (as a differential apparatus), anon-off clutch 307 (as a clutch), a controller 2133, etc.

The speed-reducing mechanism 303 is analogous in structure to thespeed-reducing mechanism 3 or 203.

The rear differential 305 is provided with a differential case 223, arotary case 309, and a differential mechanism 227 of a bevel gear type.

Pinion shafts of the differential mechanism 227 are engaged with therotary case 309, and fixed by spring pins 311.

The on-off clutch 307 is constituted with a dog clutch 313 (as a meshingclutch), an operation mechanism 315 therefor, the controller 2133, etc.

The dog clutch 313 is constituted with meshing teeth 319 and 321 formedon a clutch ring 317 and the rotary case 309, respectively.

As shown in FIG. 4, the clutch ring 317 is constituted with a base part323 formed with the meshing teeth 319, and a plurality of arm parts 325formed on the base part 323. The arm parts 325 project outward, engagingwith an opening 327 of the differential case 223, for axially movablyconnecting the differential case 223 to the clutch ring 317.

When the clutch ring 317 moves rightward, the meshing teeth 319 and 321(as the dog clutch 313) mesh each other, and when the clutch ring 317returns leftward, the meshing of the dog clutch 313 is canceled.

In a meshing state of the dog clutch 313, rotation of the differentialcase 223 is transmitted from the rotary case 390 to the differentialmechanism 227. When the meshing of the dog clutch 313 is canceled, therotary case 309 and subsequent components on the rear wheel side aredisconnected.

Further, as in FIG. 4, the meshing teeth 319 of the clutch ring 317 hasa cam angle α, and the meshing teeth 321 of the rotary case 309 have thesame cam angle.

In a meshing engagement of the dog clutch 313 with transmission torqueapplied on the meshing teeth 319 and 321, the above-noted cam angleproduces a cam thrust force 329 in a direction for the clutch ring 317to be moved toward a meshing canceling side.

The operation mechanism 315 is constituted with an operation ring 331, ashift fork 333, a shift rod 335, a swing shaft 337, a motor 339controllable for switching the direction of rotation, a direction changegear mechanism 341, etc.

The operation ring 331 is fixed to the clutch ring 317, and the shiftfork 333 is slidably engaged with a circumferential groove 343 of theoperation ring 331. The shift fork 333 is fixed onto the shift rod 335,and the shift rod 335 is movably engaged with support holes 345 and 347of the differential carrier part 13, for guiding the shift fork 333 toaxially move.

The swing shaft 337 is formed with a convex part 349, which is engagedwith a concave part of the shift fork 333.

Drive power of the motor 339 is changed in direction by the directionchange gear mechanism 341, to swing the swing shaft 337. When the swingshaft 337 is swung, the shift fork 333 is moved, acting via the clutchring 317 on the operation ring 331 to move, and when the direction ofrotation of the motor 339 is changed, the swing shaft 337 is swung in achanged direction, whereby the clutch ring 317 is reciprocally operated.

The dog clutch 313 is thus operated for connection and disconnection.

The controller 2133 is adapted, like the first or second embodiment, toassist drive power of the engine by drive power of he electric motor2129 when the vehicle starts, and at a critical vehicle speed, to stoprotation of the electric motor 2129, while controlling the motor 339 tocancel meshing engagement of the dog clutch 313.

Further, when four-wheel driven to go up a slope, if the vehicle suffersa rollback, the controller 2133 stops rotation of the electric motor2129, canceling meshing of the dog clutch 313.

Like this, when meshing of the dog clutch 313 is canceled, the electricmotor 2129 is cut off from the rear wheels, to be free from forcedrotation due to rotation of the rear wheels.

When increased drive torque is desirable in travel to have an increasedability to run over a difference in level or cavity in a road, withstill enhanced accelerating ability, the controller 2133 may becontrolled to rotate the electric motor 2129 and bring the dog clutch313 into meshing, thereby rendering the vehicle four-wheel driven.

Like this, the cancellation of meshing of the dog clutch 313 is promotedwhen the clutch ring 317 is pressed in the meshing canceling directionwith the cam thrust force 329 developed at the meshing teeth 319 and321.

When canceling meshing of the dog clutch 313, the controller 2133follows an operation method according to the invention, in whichrevolution number of the driving electric motor 2129 is changed tothereby give the meshing teeth 319 and 321 adequate vibrations to reducefrictional resistance, or rotational direction of the driving electricmotor 2129 is switched to thereby give the meshing teeth 319 and 321adequate vibrations to reduce frictional resistance.

By the cam thrust force 329 and vibrations to the meshing teeth 319 and321, the cancellation of meshing of the dog clutch 313 can be performedin a fast response.

Further, oil flows from an oil sump of the casing 9 via the openings 255and 257 and oil grooves of boss parts 259 and 261 into the differentialcase 223, giving sufficient lubrication and cooling to gear meshingparts of the differential mechanism 227, the dog clutch 313, etc.

Heat of the coil 107 of the magnet 91 is used to warm oil in the oilsump, as well as the pilot clutch 81 and the ball cam 83 therearound,and warmed oil warms the cone clutch 245.

The power transmission system 301 of the electric motor 2129 is thusconstructed.

In the power transmission system 301, such as when the vehicle istwo-wheel driven or suffering a rollback, the electric motor 2129 isdisconnected from the rear wheels by the on-off clutch 307, and isreleased not to be forced to rotate by rotation of the rear wheels.

In this power transmission system 301, the dog clutch 313 is integratedwith the rear differential 305 and a frictional clutch (the dog clutch313) is employed for the on-off clutch 307, whereby there are achievedlike effects to the power transmission system 1 of the first embodimentin which the on-off clutch 5 is integrated with a speed-reducingmechanism and a frictional clutch (the multi-plate main clutch 79) isemployed for the on-off clutch 5.

The power transmission system 301 has like effects to the firstembodiment, except those derived from disposing the on-off clutch 5between gears of the speed-reducing mechanism, using a multi-plateclutch for the on-off clutch 5, and using the gear pump 93 forlubrication.

In addition, as the dog clutch 313 is small in size and large incapacity, the power transmission system 301 is allowed to handle greatdrive power and to be the more light-weighted, compact, and enhanced invehicle-mountability.

The dog clutch 313 is simple in structure and small in component number,so that the power transmission system 301 can be fabricated with thelower cost.

In addition, because the dog clutch 313 (as a meshing clutch) is freefrom dragging torque due such as to viscosity of oil, unlike thefrictional clutches, the loss of drive power is little, allowingenhanced fuel consumption.

Because of unnecessary countermeasures such as lowering oil viscosity,raising temperature, and reducing amount of oil for the dragging torqueto be reduced, implementation can be the more reduced in cost.

Moreover, because the electric motor 2129 is not mechanically rotated bydragging torque, protection performances such as of a battery,alternator, and circuit elements can be improved, as well as durabilityof the electric motor 2129.

Further, when canceling connection of the on-off clutch 307, thecancellation of meshing of the dog clutch 313 is promoted by the motor,so that connection of the on-off clutch 307 can be canceled at anintended instance or a critical vehicle speed, and the vehicle can bechanged over from a four-wheel driven state to a two-wheel driven statein a necessary timing.

Therefore, the power transmission system 301 is allowed to have highprotection performances such as of the electric motor 2129, battery,alternator, circiut elements, etc.

Fourth Embodiment

With reference to FIGS. 6 to 8, description is made of a transmissionsystem 401 of drive power of an electric motor 2129 according to thefourth embodiment of the invention and a method of operation thereof.

The power transmission system 401 has features of the 1^(st), 2^(nd),8^(th), 9^(th), 13^(th), and 14^(th) aspects of the invention, and theoperating method has features of the 18^(th) and 19^(th) aspects of theinvention. Note the terms “left” and “right” mean those of a vehicleequipped with the power transmission system 401, and those in FIGS. 6 to8. Like reference numerals are given to members having like functions asthose of the power transmission systems 1, 201 and 301 according to the1^(st), 2^(nd) and 3^(rd) embodiments of the invention, respectively.Those members with like functions are not described to avoid redundancy.

The power transmission system 401 is constituted with a speed-reducingmechanism 403, a rear differential 405 (as a differential apparatus), anon-off clutch 407 (as a clutch), a controller 2133, etc.

The speed-reducing mechanism 403 is analogous in structure to thespeed-reducing mechanism 3, 203, or 303.

The rear differential 405 is provided with a differential case 223, arotary case 409, and a differential mechanism 227 of a bevel gear type.

Pinion shafts 237 of the differential mechanism 227 are engaged with therotary case 309, to be fixed.

The on-off clutch 407 is constituted with a dog clutch 411 (as a meshingclutch), an electric magnet 413, the controller 2133, etc.

As shown in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, the dog clutch 411 is constituted withmeshing teeth 417 and 419 formed on the differential case 223 and anarmature 415, respectively.

The armature 415 is axially movably connected to the rotary case 409 bya meshing part 421 formed therebetween.

As shown in FIG. 7, when the armature 415 moves leftward, the meshingteeth 417 and 419 (as the dog clutch 411) mesh each other, and as shownin FIG. 8, when the armature 415 returns rightward, the meshing of thedog clutch 411 is canceled.

In a meshing state of the dog clutch 411, rotation of the differentialcase 223 is transmitted from the rotary case 409 to the differentialmechanism 227. When the meshing of the dog clutch 411 is canceled, therotary case 409 and subsequent components on the rear wheel side aredisconnected.

Further, as in FIG. 8, the meshing teeth 417 and 419 of the dog clutch411 have a cam angle β, and the meshing part 421 has a smaller cam angleγ.

When transmission torque is applied on the meshing part 421, the smallercam angle γ produces a cam thrust force in a direction for the armature415 to be moved toward a meshing side of the dog clutch 411. In ameshing engagement with transmission torque applied on the meshing teeth417 and 419, the cam angle β produces a cam thrust force in a directionfor the armature 415 to be moved toward a meshing canceling side of thedog clutch 411. As a result, the armature 415 is pressed in the meshingcanceling side (FIG. 8) by a differential cam thrust force 423 (FIG. 7).

The magnet 413 has a core 425 connected to an inside of the differentialcarrier part 13 by a connection member 427 and a bolt 429, and leadwires drawn out therefrom through the differential carrier part 13, tobe externally connected to a vehicle-mounted battery.

When the magnet 413 is excited, the armature 415 is attracted leftward,causing the dog clutch 411 to mesh. When the excitation of the magnet413 is stopped, as in FIG. 7, the meshing engagement of the dog clutch411 is canceled by the cam thrust force 423.

The controller 2133 is adapted, like the first, second, or thirdembodiment, when increased vehicle drive torque is desirable, to rotatethe electric motor 2129, thereby causing the dog clutch 411 to mesh,rendering the vehicle four-wheel driven.

Further, when the vehicle is in a two-wheel driven state or whensuffering a rollback, the controller 2133 stops rotation of the electricmotor 2129, canceling meshing of the dog clutch 411, so that theelectric motor 2129 is disconnected from rear wheels, to be free fromforced rotation due to rotation of the rear wheels.

Like this, the cancellation of meshing of the dog clutch 411 is promotedby the cam thrust force 423.

When canceling meshing of the dog clutch 411, the controller 2133follows an operation method according to the invention, in whichrevolution number of the driving electric motor 2129 is changed, orrotational direction thereof is switched to thereby give the meshingteeth 417 and 419 adequate vibrations to reduce frictional resistance.

By the cam thrust force 423 and vibrations to the meshing teeth 417 and419, the cancellation of meshing of the dog clutch 411 can be performedin a fast response.

Further, oil flows from an oil sump of the casing 9 via openings and oilgrooves of boss parts 259 and 261 into the differential case 223, givingsufficient lubrication and cooling to gear meshing parts of thedifferential mechanism 227, the dog clutch 411, etc.

Heat of a coil 431 of the magnet 413 is used to warm oil in the oilsump, and warmed oil flows into the differential case 223, warms the dogclutch 411, as well as the meshing part 421, to promote movement of thearmature 415, thereby smoothing meshing cancellation of the dog clutch411.

The power transmission system 401 of the electric motor 2129 is thusconstructed.

In the power transmission system 401, such as when the vehicle istwo-wheel driven or suffering a rollback, the electric motor 2129 isdisconnected from the rear wheels by the on-off clutch 407 (dog clutch411), and is released not to be forced to rotate by rotation of the rearwheels.

In this power transmission system 401, the on-off clutch 407 isconstituted with the dog clutch 411 (a frictional clutch), the powertransmission system 401 is allowed to have like effects to powertransmission system 301 according to the third embodiment that alsoemploys a frictional clutch.

Fifth Embodiment

With reference to FIGS. 9 to 11, description is made of a transmissionsystem 501 of drive power of an electric motor 2129 according to thefifth embodiment of the invention and a method of operation thereof.

The power transmission system 501 has features of the 1^(st), 2^(nd),6^(th), 7^(th), 8^(th), 9^(th), 13^(th), and 14^(th) aspects of theinvention and the operating method has features of the 18^(th) and19^(th) aspects of the invention. Note the terms “left” and “right” meanthose of a vehicle equipped with the power transmission system 501, andthose in FIGS. 9 to 11. Like reference numerals are given to membershaving like functions as those of the power transmission systems 1, 201,301 and 401 according to the 1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd) and 4^(th)embodiments of the invention. Those members with like functions are notdescribed to avoid redundancy.

The power transmission system 501 is constituted with a speed-reducingmechanism 3, an on-off clutch 503 (as a clutch), a rear differential 7,a controller 2133, etc.

The on-off clutch 503 is interposed between an outer shaft 37 and aninner shaft 39 of the speed-reducing mechanism 3, and controlled by thecontroller 2133 in synchronism with a rear wheel driving electric motor2129.

The on-off clutch 503 is constituted with a dog clutch 505 (as a meshingclutch), a sync hub 507, a coupling sleeve 509, a synchronized gear 511,a synchronizer 513, a ball cam 515, needle bearings 517, an operationwire 519, a direction change means 521, etc.

As shown in FIG. 10 and FIG. 11, the dog clutch 505 is constituted withmeshing teeth 523 formed on a right part of the coupling sleeve 509, andmeshing teeth 525 on the synchronized gear 511.

The sync hub 507 is spline connected on an outer periphery of the innershaft 39. The coupling sleeve 509 is axially movably connected via a keyto an outer peripheral side of he sync hub 507.

The synchronized gear 511 is integrally formed on a left end of theouter shaft 37.

The synchronizer 513 is configured to synchronize rotations between thecoupling sleeve 509 (the inner shaft 39) and the synchronized gear 511(the outer shaft 37), for a match in phase between the meshing teeth 523and 525.

The ball cam 515 is constituted, as shown in FIG. 10 and FIG. 11, balls533 arranged between a cam groove 527 formed in a gear casing part 11and a cam groove 531 formed in the cam ring 529.

The needle bearings 517 are interposed between the cam ring 529 and thecoupling sleeve 509, for isolating rotation of he coupling sleeve 509(outer shaft 37 and inner shaft 39) from the cam ring 529 to preventerroneous actions of the ball cam 515.

The operation wire 519 is reciprocally operated by an actuator of whichactions are controlled by the controller 2133.

The actuator of the operation wire 519, as well as an actuator foroperating the coupling sleeve 509 to move, may preferably be amelectromagnetic actuator, a fluid actuator such as a pneumatic orhydraulic actuator, or an actuator using an electric motor.

The direction change means 521 is configured for changing a reciprocalmovement of the operation wire 519 into a rotational direction orangular movement to thereby rotate the cam ring 529 of the ball cam 515.

As shown in FIG. 10, by the cam ring 529 rotated in an arrow direction535, the ball cam 515 is operated to produce a cam thrust force 537.

The meshing teeth 523 and 525 of the dog clutch 505 have a cam angle δ.In a meshing engagement of the dog clutch 505 with transmission torqueapplied to the meshing teeth 523 and 525, the above-noted cam angleproduces a cam thrust force 539 in a direction for the coupling sleeve590 to be moved toward a meshing canceling side.

The cam thrust force 537 of the ball cam 515, which is greater than theabove-noted cam thrust force 539, acts via the needle bearings 517 onthe coupling sleeve 509 to move rightward. As the coupling sleeve 509moves rightward, the synchronizer 513 operates for synchronizationbetween the coupling sleeve 509 and the synchronized gear 511 to rotate,and when they are synchronized, the meshing teeth 523 of the couplingsleeve 509 and the meshing teeth 525 of the synchronized gear 523 mesheach other, so that the dog clutch 505 is brought into meshingengagement.

When the operation wire 519 is operated in an opposite direction, thedirection change means 521 rotates the cam ring 529 in a reversedirection to arrow 535. Along therewith, the cam thrust force 537 of theball cam 515 disappers, so that as shown in FIG. 11 the coupling sleeve509 returns leftward, canceling the meshing engagement of the dog clutch505.

While the dog clutch 505 is meshing, drive powre of the electric motor2129 is transmitted through reduction gear sets 15, 17, and 19 to therear differential 7, rendering the vehicle four-wheel driven.

When the meshing engagement of the dog clutch 505 is canceled, theelectric motor 2129 is disconnected from the reduction gear set 19 andsubsequent components on the rear wheel side.

The controller 2133 is adapted, like the first, second, third, or fourthembodiment, for operating the electric motor 2129 to make the dog clutch505 meshing, rendering the vehicle four-wheel driven, when greater drivetorque is desirable.

Further, when the vehicle is two-wheel driven or suffering a rollback,the controller 2133 stops rotation of the electric motor 2129, cancelingmeshing of the dog clutch 505, so that the electric motor 2129 is setfree from being forced to rotate by rotation of the rear wheels.

Like this, the cancellation of meshing of the dog clutch 505 is promotedby the cam thrust force 539 of the meshing teeth 523 and 525.

When canceling meshing of the dog clutch 505, the controller 2133follows an operation method according to the invention, in whichrevolution number of the driving electric motor 2129 is, or rotationaldirection of the driving electric motor 2129 is switched, to therebygive the meshing teeth 523 and 525 adequate vibrations to reducefrictional resistance.

By the cam thrust force 529 and vibrations to the meshing teeth 523 and525, the cancellation of meshing of the dog clutch 313 can be performedin a fast response.

The dog clutch 505, sync hub 507, coupling sleeve 509, synchronized gear511, synchronizer 513, ball cam 515, needle bearings 517, operation wire519, direction change means 521, and the like constituting the on-offclutch 503 are exposed inside the casing 9, and immersed at lower partsin an oil sump. Further, oil is splashed about by rotation of the synchub 507, coupling sleeve 509, synchronized gear 511, etc.

Therefore, the dog clutch 505 (meshing teeth 523 and 525), synchronizer513, ball cam 515 (cam grooves 527 and 531, and balls 533), needlebearings 517, direction change means 521, and the like are welllubricated and cooled.

The power transmission system 501 of the electric motor 2129 is thusconstructed.

In the power transmission system 501, such as when the vehicle istwo-wheel driven or suffering a rollback, the electric motor 2129 isdisconnected from the rear wheels by the on-off clutch 503, and isreleased not to be forced to rotate by rotation of the rear wheels.

In this power transmission system 501, the dog clutch 505 is employedfor the on-off clutch 503, whereby there are achieved like effects tothe power transmission system 301 or 401 of the third or fourthembodiment in which a meshing clutch is employed.

In this embodiment, the on-off clutch S is provided on a third shaftthat is nearest to the differential apparatus 7 among shafts of thespeed-reducing mechanism 3. Therefore, the system can be entirelycompact in size, by disposing the on-off clutch 5 within a projectionregion of a large component such as a ring gear 31 of the differentialapparatus 7.

Sixth Embodiment

With reference to FIG. 12, description is made of a transmission system601 of drive power of an electric motor 2129 according to the sixthembodiment of the invention and a method of operation thereof.

The power transmission system 601 has features of the 1^(st), 2^(nd),6^(th), 7^(th), 8^(th), 9^(th) and 13^(th) aspects of the invention, andthe operating method has features of the 18^(th) and 19^(th) aspects ofthe invention. Note the terms “left” and “right” mean those of a vehicleequipped with the power transmission system 601, and those in FIG. 12.Like reference numerals are given to members having like functions asthose of the power transmission systems 1, 201, 301, 401 and 501according to the 1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd), 4^(th) and 5^(th) embodimentsof the invention, respectively. Those members with like functions arenot described to avoid redundancy.

The power transmission system 601 is constituted with a speed-reducingmechanism 3, a rear differential 7 (as a differential apparatus), anon-off clutch 603 (as a clutch), a controller 2133, etc.

The on-off clutch 603 is arranged between outer and inner shafts 37 and39, being responsible for command of the controller 2133 to be engagedand disengaged, in interconnection with electrical motor 2129, asdescribed below.

The on-off clutch 603 is constituted with a meshing clutch 605, a synchub 607, a coupling sleeve 609, a synchronization gear 611, asynchronizer 613, a shift fork 625, an operation rod 627 and an air-typeactuator 629.

The meshing clutch 605 is constituted with a meshing tooth 631 that isformed to the coupling sleeve 609 on its inner periphery, and a meshingtooth 633 that is formed to the synchronization gear 611 on its outerperiphery.

The sync hub 607 is spline connected to an outer periphery of the innershaft 39. The coupling sleeve 609 is connected to an outer periphery ofsync hub 607 through a key for axial movement.

The gear 611 is formed integrally to the outer shaft 37 at its left end.

The synchronizer 613 synchronizes rotations with coupling sleeve 609(inner shaft) and synchronization gear 611 (outer shaft) to set phasesof meshing tooth 631 and 633.

The shift fork 625 is slidably engaged with a circular groove 635defined by coupling sleeve 609, being fixed on the operation rod 627.

The operation rod 627 is movably engaged with a supporting hole of thegear casing 11 to guide axial movement of shift fork 625. The operationrod 627 and gear casing 11 have an oil seal 637 arranged therebetween,the oil seal being for an oil to be prevented from leak to the outside.

The actuator 629 is linked to operation rod 627. Its pressure chamber639 is connected to a pressure source that includes an air pump andaccumulator through a valve mechanism.

The controller 2133 operates the valve mechanism to feed an air at apressure to pressure chamber 639, thus to work actuator 629, or to letan air out to stop actuator 629.

The operation of actuator 629 moves shift fork 625 through operation rod627 rightward to move coupling sleeve 609 rightward.

The rightward movement of coupling sleeve 609 operates synchronizer 613.When the coupling sleeve 609 and synchronization gear 611 synchronizesin rotation, the meshing teeth 631 and 633 of coupling sleeve 509 andsynchronization gear 611, as shown by doubled-dots broken line, aremeshed with each other, thus to engage the meshing clutch 605.

When the operation of actuator 629 is stopped, coupling sleeve 609 isbrought back leftward, which disengages the meshing of clutch 605.

When meshing clutch 605 is in engagement, a drive force of the electricmotor 2129 is transmitted through the reduction gear sets 15, 17 and 19to the rear deferential 7, which renders the vehicle in four-wheeldriven state. When the meshing clutch 605 is in disengagement, theelectric motor 2129 detached from reduction gear set 19 at rear wheels.

The controller 2133, as similar to the first, second, third, fourth andfifth embodiments, operates electric motor 2129 for increase of drivetorque of a vehicle, to engage the dog clutch 605 for four-wheel drivenstate.

When occurring two-wheel driven state or rollback state, the electricmotor 2129 is stopped in rotation for the dog clutch 605 to bedisengaged for detachment of the motor 2129 from the rear wheels, whichallows front wheels to be prevented from forced rotation by rotation ofrear wheels.

When the clutch 605 is disengaged, feed of an air of negative pressureto actuator 629 accelerates the disengagement of meshing.

In addition, when the controller 2133 disengages the meshing clutch 605,the number of rotation of electric motor 2129 in accordance with theoperation method of embodiment, or switch of rotational direction givesthe meshing teeth 631 and 633 appropriate vibrations for reduction offriction resistance.

The air of negative pressure and vibrations to be give to meshing teeth631 and 633 allows the disengagement of meshing clutch 605 to beperformed at remarkably quick response.

The meshing clutch 605, constituting the on-off clutch 603, is exposedinside the casing 9, a lower half portion of which is immersed in an oilsump and to the periphery of which rotations of the sync hub 607,coupling case 609 and synchronization gear 611 splash oil.

Thus, the meshing clutch 605 (meshing teeth 631 and 633) andsynchronizer 613 is lubricated and cooled sufficiently.

This constitutes the electric motor 2129 and transmission system 601 ofdrive power.

The transmission system 601 detaches the electric motor 2129 and rearwheels from each other by the on-off clutch 603 (meshing clutch 605) ina two-wheel driven state or rollback, and the electric motor is notforced to rotate by rotation of the rear wheels.

In addition, the transmission system 601 employs the meshing clutch 605for on-off clutch 603, to obtain benefits equivalent to those of thetransmission systems 301, 401 and 501 of the third, fourth and fifthembodiments employing the meshing clutches.

The embodiment has the on-off clutch 5 that is provided to the thirdshaft closest to the differential 7 in the speed-reducing mechanism 3,and within projection region of a large component, such as the ring gear31 of differential 7, is arranged the on-off clutch 5, which allows thedifferential to be entirely small in size.

The actuator 629 may be hydraulically operated.

Seventh Embodiment

With reference to FIG. 13, description is made of a transmission system701 of drive power of an electric motor 2129 according to the fifthembodiment of the invention and a method of operation thereof.

The power transmission system 701 has features of the 1^(st), 2^(nd),6^(th), 7^(th), 8^(th), 9^(th), 13^(th) and 14^(th) aspect s of theinvention and the operating method has features of the 18^(th) and19^(th) aspects of the invention. Note the terms “left” and “right” meanthose of a vehicle equipped with the power transmission system 701, andthose in FIG. 13. Like reference numerals are given to members havinglike functions as those of the power transmission systems 1, 201, 301,401, 501 and 601 according to the 1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd), 4^(th), 5^(th)and 6^(th) embodiments of the invention. Those members with likefunctions are not described to avoid redundancy.

The power transmission system 701 includes a speed-reducing mechanism 3,an on-off clutch 703 for electromagnetic control (as a clutch), a reardifferential 7 and a controller 2133.

The on-off clutch 703 is disposed between an outer shaft 37 and an innershaft 39 of the speed-reducing mechanism 3, and isconnected/disconnected in association with the electric motor 2129 fordriving rear wheels by the controller 2133.

The on-off clutch 703 has a dog clutch 705 (meshing clutch), an armature707, a clutch ring 709, a return spring 711, an electromagnet 713 andother components.

The dog clutch 705 has a mating tooth 715 formed on a left part of thearmature 707 and a mating tooth 717 formed on a right part of the clutchring 709.

The armature 707 is connected to the outer shaft 37 movably in the axialdirection with a spline member 719 provided therebetween. The clutchring 709 is connected to the inner shaft 39 with a spline member 721provided therebetween to be positioned with the snap ring 723 in theaxial direction.

The return spring 711 is disposed between the armature 707 and theclutch ring 709, and biases the armature 707 to the right (in thedirection that cancels engagement of the dog clutch 705).

A core 725 of the electromagnet 713 is fixed inside of a gear casing 11via a connecting member 727 and a bolt 729. Its lead wire 731 is pulledout from the gear casing 11 to be connected to a battery mounted on thevehicle.

When the electromagnet 713 is excited, the armature 707 is attracted tothe left to establish engagement of the dog clutch 705. When theexcitation of the electromagnet 713 is stopped, the armature 707 isreturned to the right by a biasing force of the return spring 711 tocancel the engagement of the dog clutch 705.

When the dog clutch 705 is engaged, drive power of the electric motor2129 is transmitted to the rear differential 7 through reduction gearsets 15, 17 and 19 to make the vehicle in a four-wheel driven state.When the engagement of the dog clutch 705 is cancelled, the electricmotor 2129 is disconnected form the reduction gear set 19 and thesubsequent components on the rear wheel side.

As in 1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd), 4^(th), 5^(th) and 6^(th) embodiments,when it is desired to increase drive torque of the vehicle, thecontroller 2133 actuates the electric motor 2129 for driving rear wheelsto make the dog clutch 705 in engagement to provide a four-wheel drivesstate.

A two-wheel driven state or a rollback phenomenon is generated, rotationof the drive electric motor 2129 is stopped to cancel the engagement ofthe dog clutch 705 and disconnect the electric motor 2129 from the rearwheels to prevent the motor 2129 from being forcefully rotated with therotation of the rear wheels.

As described above, the cancellation of engagement of the dog clutch 705is accelerated by a biasing force of the return spring 711.

Further, when canceling engagement of the dog clutch 705, the controller2133 changes the number of rotation of the drive electric motor 2129 inaccordance with the operation method of the embodiment or changes therotational direction to give appropriate vibration to the mating teeth715 and 717 to reduce their frictional resistance.

The biasing force of the return spring 711 and the vibration given tothe mating teeth 715 and 717 allows the cancellation of engagement ofthe dog clutch 705 with significantly quick response.

Further, the dog clutch 705 constituting the on-off clutch 703, theelectromagnet 713 or other components are exposed inside of the casing9, and the half-bottom parts thereof are immersed in an oil sump and aresplashed around with oil with rotation of the armature 707, the clutchring 709 and other components.

Accordingly, the dog clutch 705 (mating teeth 715 and 717), the splinemember 719 and other components are sufficiently lubricated/cooled toaccelerate movement of the armature 707 to facilitate cancellation ofengagement of the dog clutch 705.

The electromagnet 713 is cooled with oil to have stabled properties andalso warms the oil, eliminating the need for measures such as reducingthe viscosity of the oil or raising temperature.

The transmission system 701 of drive power of the electric motor 2129 isconstituted in this manner.

When in a two-wheel driven state or a rollback phenomenon is generated,the on-off clutch 703 (dog clutch 705) disconnects the electric motor2129 from the rear wheels, preventing the electric motor 2129 from beingforcefully rotated.

In addition, the power transmission system 701 employs the dog clutch(meshing clutch) for the on-off clutch 703, having similar effects tothose of the power transmission systems 301, 401, 501 and 601 of the3^(rd), 4^(th), 5^(th) and 6^(th) embodiments in which a meshing clutchis used.

Further, in this embodiment, the on-off clutch 5 is provided at a thirdshaft closest to the differential system 7 in the speed-reducingmechanism 3, so that the on-off clutch 5 can be disposed within aprojection region of larger components such as the ring gear 31 of thedifferentia system 7, to make the entire system compact.

Eighth Embodiment

With reference to FIG. 14, description is made of a transmission system801 of drive power of an electric motor 2129 according to the eighthembodiment of the invention and a method of operation thereof.

The power transmission system 801 has features of the 1^(st), 2^(nd),8^(th), 9^(th) and 15^(th) aspects of the invention and the operatingmethod has features of the 18^(th) and 19^(th) aspects of the invention.Note the terms “left” and “right” mean those of a vehicle equipped withthe power transmission system 801, and those in FIG. 14. Like referencenumerals are given to members having like functions as those of thepower transmission systems 1, 201, 301, 401, 501, 601 and 701 accordingto the 1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd), 4^(th), 5^(th), 6^(th) and 7^(th)embodiments of the invention. Those members with like functions are notdescribed to avoid redundancy.

The power transmission system 801 includes a speed-reducing mechanism 3,a rear differential 803, a one-way clutch 805 (as a clutch), an on-offclutch 807, a controller 2133, etc.

The rear differential 803 has a differential case 223, a rotation case809, and a bevel gear-type differential mechanism 227.

A pinion shaft 237 of the differential mechanism 227 is engaged with therotation case 809 to be fixed.

The one-way clutch 805 is disposed between the rotation case 809 and thedifferential case 223 in the direction that transmits drive power of theelectric motor 2129 to rear wheels when the vehicle runs forward (in thedirection that establishes connection of the clutch 805 in a torquedirection where the differential case 223 rotates before the rotationcase 809).

Accordingly, when the electric motor 2129 is rotated, the resultantdrive power reduced by reduction gear sets 15, 17 and 19 is transmittedfrom the one-way clutch 805 to the differential mechanism 227 to bedistributed to the right and left rear wheels, making the vehicle in afour-wheel driven state.

When rotation of the electric motor 2129 is stopped, the rotation case809 on the rear wheel side rotates before the differential case 223 tocancel connection of the one-way clutch 805, making the vehicle in atwo-wheel driven state, and the rotation of the rear wheels is isolatedfrom the electric motor 2129, preventing the electric motor 2129 frombeing forcefully rotated by rotation of the rear wheels.

The on-off clutch 807 has a dog clutch 811 (meshing clutch), an airactuator 813 for operation thereof, a return spring 815 and a controller2133.

The dog clutch 811 has mating teeth 819 and 821 formed in a clutch ring817 and the rotation case 809, respectively.

The clutch ring 817 has, like the dog clutch 313 (in the thirdembodiment), a proximal part with the engaging tooth 819 and a pluralityof arms formed at the proximal part. The arms are protruded to theoutside, engaging with an opening of the differential case 223 so as toconnect the clutch ring 817 movably in the axial direction to thedifferential case 223.

The clutch ring 817 moving to the right engages the mating teeth 819 and821 (dog clutch 811) with each other, and the clutch ring 817 returningto the left cancels the engagement of the dog clutch 811.

Upon the engagement of the dog clutch, rotation of the differential case223 is transmitted from the rotation case 809 to the differentialmechanism 227. Upon the disengagement of the dog clutch 811, therotation case 809 and the subsequent components on the rear wheel sideare disconnected.

Like the dog clutch 313, the mating teeth 819 and 821 of the dog clutch811 each have a cam angle. When transmission torque is applied to themating teeth 819 and 821, the cam angle causes a cam thrust force in adirection that moves the clutch ring 817 to the engagement-cancelledside.

The return spring 815 biases the clutch ring 817 to theengagement-cancelled side at any time.

A pressure chamber 823 of an actuator 813 is connected to a pressuresource comprising an air pump and an accumulator via an airflow path 825and a valve device.

The controller 2133 operates the valve device to send air pressure tothe pressure chamber 823 to activate the actuator 813, and release thepressure to stop the operation of the actuator 813.

The actuator 813, when activated, moves the clutch ring 817 to the rightto engage the mating teeth 819 and 821 (dog clutch 811) with each other.When the actuator 813 is stopped, the cam thrust force due to the camangle and the biasing force of the return spring 815 returns the clutchring 817 to the left to cancel the engagement of the dog clutch 811.

For example, when the vehicle runs backward, the connection of theon-off clutch 807 (dog clutch 811) transmits drive power of the electricmotor 2129 to the differential mechanism 227 to allow backward runningin a four-wheel driven state.

At the time of forward running, the connection of the on-off clutch 807distributes drive power of the electric motor 2129 to both the one-wayclutch 805 and the dog clutch 811, so that load on the clutches isreduced, improving durability and making their capacities smaller.

The controller 2133, when the vehicle starts moving, for example,rotates the electric motor 2129 with the connection of the on-off clutch807 cancelled, to drive the rear wheels via the one-way clutch 805 andassist drive power of the engine, as well as to stop rotation of theelectric motor 2129 at a prescribed vehicle speed.

When rotation of the electric motor 2129 is stopped, connection of theone-way clutch 805 is cancelled regardless of vehicle speed while thevehicle runs, to disconnect the electric motor 2129 from the rear wheelsto prevent the motor 2129 from being forcefully rotated with therotation of the rear wheels.

When it is desired to increase riding performances such as ondifferences in level or cavities in road and acceleration ability, theelectric motor 2129 is rotated to provide a four-wheel driven state tosend drive power to the rear wheels with the one-way clutch 805 inforward running or with both the one-way clutch 805 and the on-offclutch 807 in backward running.

Cancellation of engagement of the dog clutch 811 is, as described above,accelerated by the cam thrust force of the cam angle and the biasingforce of the return spring 815.

In addition, the controller 2133, when canceling engagement of the dogclutch 811, changes the number of rotation of the drive electric motor2129 in accordance with the operation method of the embodiment, orchanges the rotational direction to give appropriate vibration to themating teeth 819 and 821 to reduce its frictional resistance.

The cam thrust force 329, the biasing force and the vibration given tothe mating teeth 819 and 821 provides cancellation of engagement of thedog clutch 811 with significantly quick response.

Further, oil is flown in from an oil sump of a casing 9 to thedifferential case 223 via oil grooves of the opening and the boss parts259 and 261 to sufficiently lubricate/cool engaging parts of gears ofthe differential mechanism 227, the one-way clutch 805, the dog clutch811 and other components.

The differential case 223 and the rotation case 809 are provided withoil flow paths 827 and 829, respectively, which are communicated withthe one-way clutch 805, to form a back and forth path through theone-way clutch 805.

When the differential case 223 is in a stopped state, oil is suppliedfrom the oil path 827 on the differential case 223 side immersed in theoil sump to the one-way clutch 805. When the differential case 223 isrotated, the resultant centrifugal force supplies inside oil from theoil path 829 of the rotation case 809 to the one-way clutch 805, whichoil is further emitted from the oil path 827 to the outside tosufficiently lubricate/cool the one-way clutch 805.

The transmission system 801 of drive power of the electric motor 2129 isthus constituted.

As described above, when the vehicle runs forward, the powertransmission system 801 rotates the electric motor 2129 to drive therear wheels via the one-way clutch 805, and stops rotation of theelectric motor 2129 to disconnect the motor 2129 from the rear wheelswith the interruption function of the one-way clutch 805, thereby toprotect the electric motor 2129 from rotation of the rear wheels.

The power transmission system 801 has like effects to those of the powertransmission system 1 except for the effects produced by disposing theon-off clutch 5 in the speed-reducing mechanism, using a multi-plateclutch for the on-off clutch and using the gear pump 93 for lubrication.

In addition, the one-way clutch 805 does not cause rotation resistancesuch as dragging torque at the cancellation of its connection, improvingfuel efficiency when rotation of the electric motor 2129 is stopped (ina two-wheel driven state) and the durability of the electric motor 2129.

The one-way clutch 805 eliminates the need for an operation mechanismand a control mechanism, and also provide large capacity even with acompact size and light weight. Consequently the power transmissionsystem 801 has the more-simplified structure, lower cost, lighterweight, more compact size and better vehicle-mountability and can handlelarger drive power.

The actuator 813 can be hydraulic.

Ninth Embodiment

With reference to FIG. 15, description is made of a transmission system901 of drive power of an electric motor 2129 according to the ninthembodiment of the invention and a method of operation thereof.

The power transmission system 901 has features of the 1^(st), 2^(nd),6^(th), 7^(th)8^(th), 9^(th) and 16^(th) aspects of the invention andthe operating method has features of the 18^(th) and 19^(th) aspects ofthe invention. Note the terms “left” and “right” mean those of a vehicleequipped with the power transmission system 901, and those in FIG. 15.Like reference numerals are given to members having like functions asthose of the power transmission systems 1, 201, 301, 401, 501, 601, 701and 801 according to the 1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd), 4^(th), 5^(th), 6^(th),7^(th) and 8^(th) embodiments of the invention. Those members with likefunctions are not described to avoid redundancy.

The power transmission system 901 includes a speed-reducing mechanism 3,a two-way clutch 903 (as a clutch), a rear differential 7, a controller2133, etc.

The two-way clutch 903 is constituted with an outer holder 905 fixed toan outer shaft 37, an inner holder 909 disposed between the outer holder905 and an inner shaft 39 and supported via ball bearings 907 on theinner shaft 39, a switching knob 913 pressed against the inner holder909 by a disc spring 911, a plurality of sprags, etc.

The outer and inner holders 905 and 907 have a plurality ofcircumferentially equi-spaced cutouts with the sprags disposed thereinfor outer and inner end parts being in contact with the outer shaft 37and the inner shaft 39, respectively.

An end of the switching knob 913 is engaged with a recess 915 of a gearcasing 11. Rotation of the outer shaft 37 generates relative rotationbetween the inner holder 909 coupled to a stationary side (casing 9) viathe switching knob 913 biased by the disc spring 911 and the outerholder 905 fixed to the outer shaft 37. The sprags are inclined in therelative rotational direction to provide a standby state for drive powertransmission.

When the outer shaft 37 is rotated in the opposite direction, therelative rotation is in the opposite direction. The sprags are inclinedin this direction to provide a standby state for transmitting drivepower in the opposite direction.

In each standby state, when the outer shaft 37 (electric motor 2129)rotates before the inner shaft 39 (rear wheels) does, the sprags arelocked to the outer shaft 37 and the inner shaft 39 to make the two-wayclutch 903 connected, whereby drive power of the electric motor 2129 istransmitted to the rear wheels.

On the contrary, when the inner shaft 39 (rear wheels) rotates beforethe outer shaft 37 (electric motor 2129) does, the sprags are disengagedfrom the outer shaft 37 and the inner shaft 39 to cancel the connectionof the two-way clutch 903, whereby the electric motor 2129 isdisconnected from the rear wheels.

The controller 2133 rotates the electric motor 2129 when the vehiclestarts moving. When the electric motor 2129 is rotated, precedingrotation of the outer shaft 37 establishes connection of the two-wayclutch 903 in the standby state for transmitting drive power in theadvancing direction. The electric motor 2129 drives the rear wheels toassist drive power of the engine.

When the vehicle is accelerated to a prescribed speed, the controller2133 stops rotation of the electric motor 2129.

The stopping of rotation of the electric motor 2129 cancels theconnection of the two-way clutch 903 through preceding rotation of theinner shaft 39 associated with rotation of the rear wheels.

When a rollback phenomenon is produced while the vehicle drives up on agrade in a four-wheel driven state, the controller 2133 reverses therotation of the electric motor 2129 to change the two-way clutch 903 tobe on standby for the backing direction.

In the standby state for the backing direction, preceding rotation ofthe rear wheels caused by the rollback cancel the connection of thetwo-way clutch 903.

Thus, the canceling of connection of the two-way clutch 903 disconnectsthe electric motor 2129 from the rear wheels to be released from beingforcefully rotated by rotation of the rear wheels.

When it is desired to increase drive torque while running to improveriding performances such as on differences in level or cavities in roadand acceleration ability, the electric motor 2129 is rotated to providethe four-wheel driven state.

In the case of back running, the two-way clutch 903 is on standby forthe backing direction. When the vehicle starts moving, the electricmotor 2129 is protected from rotation of the rear wheels like when thevehicle advances, running down on a grade with reduced frictionresistance.

When it is desired to accelerate canceling connection of the two-wayclutch 903, the controller 2133 changes the number of rotation of thedrive electric motor 2129 according to the operation method of thisembodiment or changes the direction of rotation to give appropriatevibration to the two-way clutch 903, thereby to facilitate thecancellation of lock of the sprags to the outer shaft 37 and the innershaft 39.

Accordingly, connection of the two-way clutch 903 is cancelled withsignificantly quick response.

The outer shaft 37 is provided with an oil flow path 917. The innershaft 39 is provided with oil flow paths 919 and 921. These pathsconstitute a back and forth path through the two-way clutch 903.

When the outer shaft 37 is stationary, oil is supplied from the oil path917 of the outer shaft 37 immersed in an oil sump to the two-way clutch903. Centrifugal force generated by rotation of the outer shaft 37supplies oil to the two-way clutch 903 through the oil paths 919 and921, and emits it from the oil path 917 to the outside to sufficientlylubricate/cool the two-way clutch 903.

Thus the transmission system 901 of drive power of the electric motor2129 is constituted.

The use of the two-way clutch 903 in the power transmission system 901as described above provides a protection for the electric motor 2129from rotation of the rear wheels when the vehicle runs both forward andbackward.

Further, the use of the two-way clutch 903 protects the electric motor2129 and other elements from being affected by a rollback.

Further, the fact that it is needless to provide another clutch for backrunning provides a simplified structure, low cost, light weight, compactsize and good vehicle-moutability.

Furthermore, in this embodiment, the on-off clutch 5 is provided at athird shaft closest in the speed-reduction mechanism 3 to thedifferential system 7, so that the on-off clutch 5 can be disposedwithin the projection region of larger components such as a ring gear 31of the differential system 7 to make the entire system compact.

In addition, the power transmission system 901 has like effects to thoseof the power transmission system 801 of the eighth embodiment.

Tenth Embodiment

With reference to FIG. 16, description is made of a transmission system1001 of drive power of an electric motor 2129 according to the tenthembodiment of the invention and a method of operation thereof.

The power transmission system 1001 has features of the 1^(st), 2^(nd),8^(th), 12^(th), and 19^(th) aspects of the invention, and the operatingmethod has features of the 21^(st) and 22^(nd) aspects of the invention.Note the terms “left” and “right” mean those of a vehicle equipped withthe power transmission system 1001, and those in FIG. 16. Like referencenumerals are given to members having like functions as those of thepower transmission systems 1, 201, 301, 401, 501, 601, 701, 801 and 901according to the 1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd), 4^(th), 5^(th), 6^(th), 7^(th),8^(th), 9^(th) and 10^(th) embodiments of the invention, respectively.Those members with like functions are not described to avoid redundancy.

The power transmission system 1001 includes a speed-reducing mechanism3, a rear differential 1003, a two-way clutch 1005 (as a clutch), acontroller 2133, etc.

The rear differential 1003 has a differential case 223, a rotation case1007, and a bevel gear-type differential mechanism 227.

The rotation case 1007 is supported via ball bearings 1009 on theinternal periphery of the differential case 223. A pinion shaft 237 ofthe differential mechanism 227 is engaged with the rotation case 1007 tobe fixed.

The two-way clutch 1005 is disposed between the rotation case 1007 andthe differential case 223. When the connection of the two-way clutch1005 is established, the drive force of an electric motor 2129 which isreduced in the speed-reducing mechanism 3 is transmitted from thedifferential mechanism 227 to rear wheels. When the connection iscanceled, the electric motor 2129 is disconnected from the rear wheels.

The two-way clutch is constituted with an outer holder 1011 fixed to thedifferential case 223, an inner holder 1015 disposed between the outerholder 1011 and the rotation case 1007 and supported via ball bearings1013 on the differential case 223, a switching knob 1019 pressed againstthe inner holder 1015 by a disc spring, a plurality of sprags, etc.

As in the two-way clutch 903 (ninth embodiment), the outer and innerholders 1011 and 1015 have a plurality of circumferentially equi-spacedcutouts with the sprags disposed therein for outer and inner end partsbeing in contact with the differential case 223 and the rotation case1007, respectively.

An end of the switching knob 1019 is engaged with a recess 1021 of agear casing 11. Rotation of the differential case 223 generates relativerotation between the inner holder 1015 coupled to a stationary side(casing 9) via the switching knob 1019 biased by the disc spring 1017and the outer holder 1011 on the differential case 223 side. The spragsare inclined in the relative rotational direction to provide a standbystate for drive power transmission.

When the differential case 223 is rotated in the opposite direction, therelative rotation is in the opposite direction. The sprags are inclinedin this direction to provide a standby state for transmitting drivepower in the opposite direction.

In each standby state, when the differential case 223 (electric motor2129) rotates before the rotation case 1007 (rear wheels) does, thesprags are locked to the differential case 223 and the rotation case1007 to make the two-way clutch 1005 connected, whereby drive power ofthe electric motor 2129 is transmitted to the rear wheels.

On the contrary, when the rotation case 1007 (rear wheels) rotatesbefore the differential case 223 (electric motor 2129) does, the spragsare disengaged from the differential case 223 and the rotation case 1007to cancel the connection of the two-way clutch 1005, whereby theelectric motor 2129 is disconnected from the rear wheels.

The controller 2133 rotates the electric motor 2129 when the vehiclestarts moving. The rotation of the electric motor 2129 connects thetwo-way clutch 1005 in the standby state for transmitting drive power inthe advancing direction, and the drive power of the electric motor 2129is transmitted to the rear wheels.

When the vehicle is accelerated to a prescribed speed, the controller2133 stops rotation of the electric motor 2129.

The stopping of rotation of the electric motor 2129 cancels theconnection of the two-way clutch 1005 through the rotation of the rearwheels.

When a rollback phenomenon is produced when the vehicle drives up on agrade in a four-wheel driven state, the controller 2133 reverses therotation of the electric motor 2129 to change the two-way clutch 1005 tobe on standby for the backing direction.

In the standby state for the backing direction, the preceding rotationof the rear wheels caused by the rollback cancel the connection of thetwo-way clutch 1005.

Thus the canceling of the connection of the two-way clutch 1005disconnects the electric motor 2129 from the rear wheels to be releasedfrom being forcefully rotated by the rotation of the rear wheels.

When it is desired to increase drive torque while running to improveperformance in running over steps, bumps or potholes and acceleration,the electric motor 2129 is rotated to provide the four-wheel drivenstate.

In the case of back running, the two-way clutch 1005 is on standby forthe backing direction. When the vehicle starts moving, the electricmotor 2129 is protected from rotation of the rear wheels like when thevehicle advances, running down on a grade with reduced frictionresistance.

When it is desired to accelerate the canceling of connection of thetwo-way clutch 1005, the controller 2133 changes the number of rotationof the drive electric motor 2129 according to the operation method ofthis embodiment or changes the direction of rotation to give appropriatevibration to the two-way clutch 1005, thereby to facilitate thecancellation of lock of the sprags to the differential case 223 and therotation case 1007.

Accordingly, the connection of the two-way clutch 1005 is cancelled withsignificantly quick response.

The differential case 223 has an opening 1023, and bosses 259 and 261with oil grooves through which oil is flown in or out of the case 223.The flown-in oil sufficiently lubricate/cool engaging parts of gears ofthe differential mechanism 227, the two-way clutch 1005 and the ballbearings 1009 with the rotation of the differential case 223.

The differential case 223 is provided with an oil flow path 1025. Therotation case 1007 is provided with an oil flow path 1027. These pathsconstitute a back and forth path through the two-way clutch 1005.

When the differential case 223 is stationary, oil is supplied from theoil path 1025 of the differential case 223 immersed in an oil sump tothe two-way clutch 1005. Centrifugal force generated by the rotation ofthe differential case 223 supplies inside oil to the two-way clutch 1005through the oil path 1027, and emits it from the oil path 1025 to theoutside to sufficiently lubricate/cool the two-way clutch 1005.

Thus the transmission system 1001 of the drive power of the electricmotor 2129 is constituted.

The use of the two-way clutch in the power transmission system 1001 asdescribed above provides a protection for the electric motor 2129 fromthe rotation of the rear wheels when the vehicle runs both forward andbackward, resulting in similar effects to those of the powertransmission system 901 in the ninth embodiment.

Eleventh Embodiment

With reference to FIG. 17, description is made of a transmission system1101 of drive power of an electric motor 2129 according to the eleventhembodiment of the invention and a method of operation thereof.

The power transmission system 1101 has features of the 1^(st), 2^(nd),8^(th), 12^(th) and 20^(th) aspects of the invention, and the operatingmethod has features of the 21^(st) and 22^(nd) aspects of the invention.Note the terms “left” and “right” mean those of a vehicle equipped withthe power transmission system 1101, and those in FIG. 17. Like referencenumerals are given to members having like functions as those of thepower transmission systems 1, 201, 301, 401, 501, 601, 701, 801, 901,and 1001 according to the 1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd), 4^(th), 5^(th),6^(th), 7^(th), 8^(th), 9^(th), 10^(th) and 11^(th) embodiments of theinvention, respectively. Those members with like functions are notdescribed to avoid redundancy.

The power transmission system 1101 includes a speed-reducing mechanism3, a rear differential 1103, a centrifugal clutch 1105 (as a clutch), acontroller 2133, etc.

The rear differential 1103 has a differential case 223, a rotation case1107 and a bevel gear-type differential mechanism 227.

The rotation case 1107 is disposed rotatably on the internal peripheryof the differential case 223. A pinion shaft 237 of the differentialmechanism 227 is engaged with the rotation case 1107 and fixed with asnap ring 1109.

The centrifugal clutch 1105 is disposed between a left-side gear 241 ofthe differential mechanism 227 and the differential case 223, and hasengaging holes 1111 and 1113 provided in the side gear 241 and thedifferential case 223, respectively, in the centrifugal force direction,engaging member 115 engaged with the engagement hole 1111 in the sidegear 241, a coil spring 1117 biasing the engaging member 1115 to theengaging hole 1113 in the differential case 223 against centrifugalforce, etc.

When the rear differential 1103 is stationary, the biasing force of thecoil spring 1117 engages the engagement member 1115 with the engagementhole 1113 to establish connection of the centrifugal clutch 1105.

At the connection of the centrifugal clutch 1105, the side gear 241 islocked to the differential case 223, the differential case 223 and thedifferential mechanism 227 (the rotation case 1007 rear wheels) areconnected, and the drive power of the electric motor 2129 is transmittedfrom the differential mechanism 227 to the rear wheels. Differentialrotation of the differential mechanism 227 is also locked.

When the rear differential 1103 is rotated, the resultant centrifugalforce applied to the engaging member 1115 deforms the coil spring 1117,the engaging member 1115 is moved to cancel its engagement with theengaging hole 1113, and the connection of the centrifugal clutch 1 10Sis canceled.

At the cancellation of the connection of the centrifugal clutch 1105,the side gear 241 is released to rotate, the connection between thedifferential mechanism 227 and the differential case 223 is cancelled,the electric motor 2129 is disconnected from the rear wheels, and thedifferential lock of the differential mechanism 227 is released.

The coil spring 1117 has a property (biasing force) of canceling theconnection of the centrifugal clutch 1105 when vehicle speed isincreased to a prescribed level.

The controller 2133 rotates the electric motor 2129 when the vehiclestarts moving. While the vehicle is accelerated to a prescribed speed,the electric motor 2129 drives the rear wheels via the centrifugalclutch 1105 to assist the drive power of the engine, improvingproperties in starting and acceleration and also improving performancein running over steps, bumps or potholes.

Further, differential motions of the differential mechanism 227 islocked as described above, which fact improves properties in starting,acceleration and performance in running over steps, bumps or potholes onroads with reduced friction resistance.

When the connection of the centrifugal clutch 1105 is cancelled at aprescribed vehicle speed, the controller 2133 sequentially stops therotation of the electric motor 2129.

In this state, the electric motor 2129 is disconnected from the rearwheels by the centrifugal clutch 1105 and is thus prevented from beingforcefully rotated by rotation of the rear wheels.

At the time of back running, connection and disconnection of thecentrifugal clutch 1105 can, as in the forward running, start andaccelerate the vehicle or disconnect the electric motor 2129 from therear wheels.

When it is desired to accelerate the canceling of connection of thecentrifugal clutch 1105, the controller 2123 changes the number ofrotation of the drive electric motor 2129 or changes the rotationaldirection in accordance with the operation method of this embodiment, toprovide appropriate vibration to the centrifugal clutch 1105, thereby tofacilitate disengagement between the engaging member 1115 and theengaging hole 1113.

Accordingly, the cancellation of connection of the centrifugal clutch1105 is performed with significantly quick response.

The differential case 223 has an opening 1119 and bosses 259 and 261with oil grooves through which oil is flown in or out of the case 223.The flown-in oil sufficiently lubricates/cools engaging parts of gearsof the differential mechanism 227 with the rotation of the case 223, andlubricates sliding parts of the engaging member 1115 and the engaginghole 1113 of the centrifugal clutch 1105, thereby to further acceleratethe cancellation of the connection of the centrifugal clutch 1105.

Thus the transmission system 1101 of drive power of the electric motor2129 is constituted.

In the power transmission system 1101, the electric motor 2129 is, asdescribed above, disconnected from the rear wheels by the centrifugalclutch 1105 when necessary.

Further, the power transmission system 1101 provides similar effects tothose of the power transmission system 1 except for the effects obtainedby disposing the clutch 5 between the speed-reducing mechanisms, using amulti-plate clutch for the clutch 5 and using the gear pump 93 forlubrication.

In addition, the cancellation of connection of the centrifugal clutch1105 does not cause rotation resistance such as dragging torque,improving fuel efficiency at the time of stopping rotation of theelectric motor 2129 (two wheel driven) and durability.

Further, the centrifugal clutch 1105 eliminates the need for anoperating mechanism and a control mechanism and provides large capacityeven with its small size and light weight. This makes the powertransmission system 1101 have easy structure, low cost, light weight,compact size, good vehicle mountability and an ability of handling largedrive power.

The centrifugal clutch can be disposed between the differential case 223and the rotation case 1107 instead of between the differential case 223and the side gear 214.

In this case, the differential mechanism 227 can differentiallydistribute drive power of the electric motor 2129 to the rear wheels.

Twelfth Embodiment

With reference to FIG. 18 and FIG. 19, description is made of atransmission system 1201 of drive power of an electric motor 2129 (seeFIG. 2) according to the twelfth embodiment of the invention and amethod of operation therefor.

The power transmission system 1201 has features of the 1^(st), 2^(nd),3^(rd), 4^(th), 5^(th), 8^(th), 9^(th), 10^(th) , 11^(th), 12^(th),16^(th) and 17^(th) aspects of the invention, and the operating methodhas features of the 21^(st) and 22^(nd) aspects of the invention. Notethe terms “left” and “right” mean those of a vehicle equipped with thepower transmission system 1201, and those in FIG. 18. Like referencenumerals are given to members having like functions as those of thepower transmission systems 1, 201, 301, 401, 501, 601, 701, 801, 901,1001 and 1101 according to the 1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd), 4^(th), 5^(th),6^(th), 7^(th), 8^(th), 9^(th), 10^(th), 11^(th), 12^(th), 13^(th) and14^(th) embodiments of the invention, respectively. Those members withlike functions are not described to avoid redundancy.

The power transmission system 1201 includes a speed-reducing mechanism1203, a rear differential 1205, an on-off clutch 1207 (as a clutch), agear pump 1209 (as a trochoid pump), a controller 2133 (see FIG. 2),etc.

The rear differential 1205 and the on-off clutch 1207 are disposed in areversed manner in the right and left direction of that of the reardifferential 405 and the on-off clutch 407 of the fourth embodiment(FIG. 6), and have the same functions.

The speed-reducing mechanism 1203 is constituted with three-stagereduction gear sets. A reduction gear set 1211 of a planetary gear typeis in the first stage. Reduction gear sets 17 and 19 are in the secondand third stages.

The reduction gear set 1211 of the planetary gear type is, as shown inFIG. 19, constituted with an internal gear 1213, three pinion gears 1215engaged with the internal gear 1213, a sun gear 1217 engaged with thepinion gears 1215, etc.

The internal gear 1213 is welded to a gear casing 11.

The pinion gears 1215 are disposed circumferentially at the sameintervals.

The pinion gears 1215 are supported on pinion shafts 1219. The pinionshafts 1219 are supported at their both ends with right and left pinioncarriers 1221 and 1223. The pinion carriers 1221 and 1223 are integratedat coupling parts 1225.

The left pinion carrier 1221 is welded to a second shaft 35 of thereducing gear set 17.

The sun gear 1217 is formed at a first hollow shaft 1227. The firstshaft 1227 is supported on its left end on the internal periphery of thesecond shaft 35 via needle bearings 1229 and is supported on its rightend on the internal periphery of the right pinion carrier 1223 via ballbearings 1231.

To the first shaft 1227, an output axis 1233 of an electric motor 2129for driving rear wheels is spline-coupled. An oil seal 1235 is disposedbetween the first shaft 1227 and the gear casing 11 to prevent theleakage of oil. The first shaft 1227 is sealed at its internal peripherywith a lid member 1237 to prevent the leakage of oil and the intrusionof foreign material.

When the electric motor 2129 is rotated, the resultant drive power isinput from the sun gear 1217 to the reduction gear set 1211 of aplanetary gear, and reduced by the rotation and revolution of the piniongears 1215, and further reduced by the reduction gear sets 17 and 19 torotate a differential case 223 of the rear differential 1205.

When it is desired to increase drive torque of the vehicle, thecontroller 2133 rotates the electric motor 2129 to establish theengagement of a dog clutch 411 of the on-off clutch 1207, thereby toprovide a four-wheel driven state.

When a two wheel driven state or a rollback phenomenon is produced, therotation of the electric motor 2129 is stopped to cancel the engagementof the dog clutch 411, thereby to disconnect the electric motor 2129from rear wheels to prevent it from being unnecessarily rotated by therotation of the rear wheels.

The gear pump 1209 is disposed between the gear casing 11 and the secondshaft 35 to be driven by the rotation of the second shaft 35.

The second shaft 35, the pinion carrier 1221 and the pinion gear 1219are provided with oil paths 1239, 1241, 1243 and 1245. The oil parth1239 of the second shaft 35 is sealed with a lid member 1247. The oilpath 1243 of the pinion gear 1219 is sealed with a ball 1249 pressedfitted therein. When the gear pump 1209 is driven, oil is sucked up froman oil sump of a casing 9 (see e.g., FIG. 1) to be sent to the reductiongear set 1211 through the oil paths 1239, 1241, 1243 and 1245.

The rotation of the second shaft 35 generates centrifugal pump effectsin a diameter-enlarged part 1251 formed in the oil path 1239,accelerating the transfer of the oil.

The oil sent to the reduction gear set 1211 sufficientlylubricates/cools engaging parts of the gears 1213, 1215 and 1217, asupported part of the pinion gear 1215, the needle bearings 1229 and theball bearings 1231.

An oil seal 1253 is disposed between the third shaft 213 and the gearcasing 11 to prevent the leakage of oil.

Thus the transmission system 1201 of the drive power of the electricmotor 2129 is constituted.

In the power transmission system 1201, the electric motor 2129 isdisconnected from the rear wheels by the on-off clutch 1207 whennecessary to be prevented from being unnecessary rotated by the rotationof the rear wheels as described above.

The power transmission system 1201 has similar effects to those of thepower transmission system 401 of the fourth embodiment of the invention.

In addition, the power transmission system 1201 has the reduction gearset 1211 of a planetary gear as the first-stage reduction mechanism, inwhich the first shaft 1227 is disposed concentrically with the secondshaft 35, thereby having a three-shaft structure with one shaft lessthan other embodiments having a four-shaft structure including the reardifferential, resulting in a largely compact size and an improvedvehicle-mountability.

The third reduction gear set 19 (the final reduction gear set) and thereduction gear set 17 in the previous stage of the final reduction gearset 19 are disposed adjacent to each other in the axial direction, whichallows making them compact in the axial direction. Further, thesupporting span of the reduction gears can be short for proper meshingof bearings of the gears, which results in reduced vibration andimproved durability.

The reduction gear set 17 in the previous stage of the final reductiongear set 19 is disposed on one side of the final reduction gear set 19in the axial direction, and the differential system is disposed on theother side of the final reduction gear set 19 in the axial direction.Thus the casing 9 in which integrally mounted are the final reductiongear set and the differential system can have an unbalance-suppressedweight in the wheel axle direction (the transverse direction).

The clutch is disposed coaxially adjacent to and outside of thedifferential system in the axial direction. This also can suppressunbalance of the casing 9 in the wheel axle direction (the transversedirection). Further the clutch can be set with little restriction ininterference with the peripheral members, which improves degree offreedom of design such as the size and the shape of the clutch andsetting conditions of an actuator.

Thirteenth Embodiment

With reference to FIG. 20, description is made of a transmission system1301 of drive power of an electric motor 2129 according to thethirteenth embodiment of the invention and a method of operationthereof.

The power transmission system 1301 has features of the 1^(st), 2^(nd),3^(rd), 4^(th), 5^(th), 8^(th) , 12^(th), 16^(th) and 17^(th) aspects ofthe invention, and the operating method has features of the 21^(st) and22^(nd) aspects of the invention. Note the terms “left” and “right” meanthose of a vehicle equipped with the power transmission system 1301, andthose in FIG. 20. Like reference numerals are given to members havinglike functions as those of the power transmission systems 1, 201, 301,401, 501, 601, 701, 801, 901, 1001, 1101 and 1201 according to the1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd), 4^(th), 5^(th), 6^(th), 7^(th), 8^(th), 9^(th),10^(th), 11^(th) and 12^(th) embodiments of the invention, respectively.Those members with like functions are not described to avoid redundancy.

The power transmission system 1301 includes a speed-reducing mechanism1203, a rear differential 1205, a connection/disconnection clutch 1207(as a clutch), a screw pump 1303, a controller 2133, etc.

The screw pump 1303 has a shaft 1305 fixed to a gear casing 11, a spiralgroove 1307 provided on the shaft 1305 and a oil path 1239 of a secondshaft 35. The shaft 1305 is disposed concentrically with the oil path1239.

With rotation of the second shaft 35, oil in the oil path 1239 isrotated because of its viscosity. The rotated oil moves along the spiralgroove 1307, sucking oil in a oil sump as shown by arrows 1309, to besent to a reduction gear set 1211 through oil paths 1239, 1241, 1243 and1245.

The oil sent to the reduction gear set 1211 sufficientlylubricates/cools engaging parts of gears 1213, 1215 and 1217, supportedpart of the pinion gears 1215 and the bearings 1229 and 1231.

Since a vehicle running backward is usually at a significantly low speedwith small load on the reduction gear set 1211, which eliminates theneed for an especially large lubrication mechanism.

The transmission system 1301 of drive power of the electric motor 2129is constituted in this manner.

The power transmission system 1301 provides similar effects to those ofthe power transmission system 1201 of the twelfth embodiment.

In addition, the screw pump 1303 has a simple and low-cost structure andis easy to assemble. Thus, use of the screw pump 1303 allows the powertransmission system 1301 to have a simple and low-cost structure and tobe easy to assemble.

Fourteenth Embodiment

With reference to FIG. 21, description is made of a transmission system1401 of drive power of an electric motor 2129 according to thefourteenth embodiment of the invention and a method of operationthereof.

The power transmission system 1401 has features of the 1^(st), 2^(nd),3^(rd), 4^(th), 5^(th), 8^(th), 12^(th), 16^(th) and 17^(th) aspects ofthe invention, and the operating method has features of the 21^(st) and22^(nd) aspects of the invention. Note the terms “left” and “right” meanthose of a vehicle equipped with the power transmission system 1401, andthose in FIG. 21. Like reference numerals are given to members havinglike functions as those of the power transmission systems 1, 201, 301,401, 501, 601, 701, 801, 901, 1001, 1101, 1201 and 1301 according to the1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd) , 4^(th), 5^(th), 6^(th), 7^(th), 8^(th), 9^(th),10^(th), 11^(th), 12^(th) and 13^(th) embodiments of the invention,respectively. Those members with like functions are not described toavoid redundancy.

The power transmission system 1401 includes a speed-reducing mechanism1203, a rear differential 1205, a connection/disconnection clutch 1207(as a clutch), a centrifugal pump 1403, a controller 2133, etc.

A second shaft 35 of the speed-reducing mechanism 1203 is supported atits left end with a gear casing 11 via a taper roller bearing 1405. Thetaper roller bearing 1405 constitutes the centrifugal pump 1403.

When the second shaft 35 rotates, an inner race 1407 and a roller 1409of the taper roller bearing 1405 are rotated. The resultant centrifugalforce causes oil to hit upon an oblique surface of an outer race 1411.The oil moves as shown by arrows 1413, sucking oil in a oil sump to besent to the reduction gear set 1211 through oil paths 1239, 1241, 1243and 1245.

This oil transfer is speeded up by centrifugal pump effects of adiameter-enlarged part 1251 with the rotation of the second shaft 35.

The oil sent to the reduction gear set 1211 sufficientlylubricates/cools engaging parts of gears 1213, 1215 and 1217, supportedpart of the pinion gears 1215 and bearings 1229 and 1231.

The centrifugal pump 1403 functions in the same manner in bothdirections of rotation of the second shaft 35. Thus the reduction gearset 1211 is sufficiently lubricated/cooled in both forward running andbackward running of a vehicle.

The transmission system 1401 of drive power of the electric motor 2129is constituted in this manner.

The power transmission system 1401 provides similar effects to those ofthe power transmission system 1201 of the twelfth embodiment.

In addition, the fact that the taper roller bearing 1405 is used for thecentrifugal pump 1403 realizes the power transmission system 1401without complicating structure and assembling operation and increasingcost and weight.

The above embodiments show examples of application to an electricautomobile with the engine as a main drive source and the electric motor2129 as an auxiliary drive source. However, the transmission system ofdrive power of the electric motor 2129 of this invention can also beused for a vehicle with the electric motor 2129 as a main drive source.

Further, the differential system can be any one such as a planetary geardifferential system, a differential system with an output-side gearcoupled with a pinion gear slidably held in an accommodation hole of adifferential case and a differential system with a worm gear, instead ofthe bevel gear-type differential system of the embodiments.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been describedusing specific terms, such description is for illustrative purposes, andit is to be understood that changes and variations may be made withoutdeparting from the spirit or scope of the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A power transmission system for vehiclesincluding a main drive wheel and an auxiliary drive wheel, the systemcomprising: a main Dower transmission system configured to transmit maindrive power from a fuel engine to the main drive wheel via a first trainof torque transmitters; an auxiliary power transmission systemconfigured to transmit auxiliary drive power from an electric motor tothe auxiliary drive wheel via an interruptive second train of torquetransmitters including; a first clutch element; and a second clutchelement actuable relative to the first clutch element for engagementtherewith; a set of cam elements actuable for cooperation therebetweento provide the second clutch element with an increased tendency toengage with the first clutch element; and an actuator operative tosimultaneously actuate the second clutch element and the set of camelements; wherein the second train of torque transmitters includes areduction and a differential; wherein the reduction comprises aplanetary gear and has an oil pump for lubricating the planetary gear;and wherein the oil pump is provided on a lid side of a case of thereduction.
 2. A power transmission system for vehicles including a maindrive wheel and an auxiliary drive wheel, the system comprising: a main,power transmission system configured to transmit main drive power from afuel engine to the main drive wheel via a first train of torquetransmitters; an auxiliary power transmission system configured totransmit auxiliary drive power from an electric motor to the auxiliarydrive wheel via an interruptive second train of torque transmittersincluding; a first clutch element; and a second clutch element actuablerelative to the first clutch element for engagement therewith; a set ofcam elements actuable for cooperation therebetween to provide the secondclutch element with an increased tendency to engage with the firstclutch element; an actuator operative to simultaneously actuate thesecond clutch element and the set of cam elements; and a casing foraccommodating a reduction and a differential; wherein the second trainof torque transmitters includes the reduction, the differential, a finalreduction gear set and an axially neighboring previous reduction gearset relative thereto; wherein the previous reduction gear set isdisposed on an axially one side of the final reduction gear set, and thedifferential is disposed on an axially opposite side of the finalreduction gear set; and wherein the first and second clutch elements arecoaxially neighbored, at an axially outer side of the casing, to thedifferential.
 3. A power transmission system for vehicles including amain drive wheel and an auxiliary drive wheel, the system comprising: amain power transmission system configured to transmit main drive powerfrom a fuel engine to the main drive wheel via a first train of torquetransmitters; an auxiliary power transmission system configured totransmit auxiliary drive power from an electric motor to the auxiliarydrive wheel via an interruptive second train of torque transmittersincluding: a first clutch element; and a second clutch element actuablerelative to the first clutch element for engagement therewith: a set ofcam elements actuable for cooperation therebetween to provide the secondclutch element with an increased tendency to engage with the firstclutch element; and an actuator operative to simultaneously actuate thesecond clutch element and the set of cam elements; wherein the actuatorcomprises an electromagnetic actuator; and wherein the second train oftorque transmitters includes a differential, and the electromagneticactuator is arranged coaxial to the differential.
 4. A powertransmission system according to claim 3, wherein the second train oftorque transmitters includes a clutch arranged coaxial to thedifferential.